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 GOYAZ

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GOZO

drcd grandees, poets, scholars, and great ladies of the court sat to him. Notable among tliese canvases are those of Queen Maria Luisa, Charles IV and his fam- ily, Dona Maria Josefa, and Queen Isabella of Sicily, the last two celebrated for their beautiful and tender representation of maidenhood. In 1789 Goya was ap- pointed pintor de camera of Charles IV with an income of .$2500 a year, and in 1795 was unanimously elected director of the Madrid Academy.

Goya painted frescoes in the churches of Seville, Valencia, Saragossa, Toledo, and Madrid, those in S. Antonio de la Florida (Madrid) being especially no- table for their grace and movement. His paintings, other than portraits and religious works, portray the life of Spain, and exhibit his immense vitality, rest- lessness, energy, audacity and unaffectedness. His technique was a complete overthrow of tradition. Impetuous and intolerant, he sought etching as a means of expression. The "Capriccioso", begun in 1792, appeared in 1796. In this series, dedicated to the king, he pilloried the pre- vailing vices and absurdities with a subtler and more bitter needle than C a 1 1 o t ' s and a spirit le.ss com- monplace than Hogarth's. He is often called the Spanish Rabelais. Goya almost in- variably u.sed aquatint to give " depth " and sug- gest planes in these etchings, and every one of these eighty plates Delacroix is said to have copied. The " Miseries of War " followed these and are far more serious in conception. Many of them suggest Rembrandt's methods. He began lithography in Madrid, and the first important artistic drawing ever made on stone was by Goya, and this, too, when he was seventy-three.

Ferdinand VII, at his restoration in 1814, invited Goya to his court; but, unhappy, totally deaf, and growing blind, he left Madrid on the completion of his most important ecclesiastical work, "St. Joseph of Calasanz", for the church of S. Anton Abad, and settled in Bordeaux. Here in his eightieth year he lithographed the notable series of bull-fights. Goya was the strongest figure in the age of tumult and change in which he lived, the last link between tradi- tion and the great movement in art of the nineteenth century, which he epitomized when he said: "a pic- ture, the effect of which is true, is finished." He was buried in Bordeaux. One son, of all his children, sur- vived him. His other works are: double portrait of La Maja, in the San Fernando Academy; portrait of Duchess of Alva, in the Louvre; a collection of etch- ings and aquatints in the British Museum; equestrian portrait of Charles IV, in Madrid ; sanguine drawing of Duke of Wellington, in the British Museum.

Meier-Graefe, Development of Modern Art (tr. New York, 1908); Hamebton, Etchings and Etchers (Boston, 1886); Yri- ARTE, Life of Goya (Paris, 1867); Rothenstein, Goya (London, 1900): Calvert, F. J. Goya (New York, 1908).

Leigh Hunt.

Goyaz, Diocese of (Govasiensis), co-extensive with the state of the same name, one of the twenty states which, with the Federal District, comprise the Republic of Brazil. It has an area of 288,546 square miles, or a little more than six times that of the State

Francesco Josk de Goya

of New York. The longitudinal position of the capital (also called Goyaz) corresponds to about twenty-five degrees east of New York City; and as regards its latitude, it is about as far .south of the Equator as, say, Acapulco in Southern Mexico is north of it. The dio- cese is suffragan of Bahia (the primatial see), and was founded in 1826 by Leo XII. The country is moun- tainous, one peak of the Scrra dos Pyreneos being about 9600 feet high. The soil is naturally fertile and rich in precious metals, but for various reasons the resources of the state are practically undeveloped. Catalas is at present (1909) the only town touched by a railway. Cattle-rearing is the chief industry. The population is about 400,000. Goyaz, the capital (15,000), founded in 1736 as Santa Anna, contains the cathedral, a lyceum, schools of classics and philosophy, and various elementary schools. The legislative as- sembly of the state sits here. According to an article of the constitution, the future federal capital of Brazil must occupy an elevated site on a central plateau of the coimtry, and it is suggested that the state of Goyaz offers the most suitable location for the fulfilment of these conditions. The religious statistics are as fol- lows: secular priests, 39; regular, 38; churches and chapels, 36 ; there is a mission-house of tihe Dominicans of "Toulouse, and also a pension and school of the Dominican nuns.

Gar.mer, Almanaque Brasileiro (1903-4); Hazell's Annual (London. 1909); Brazil at the Louisiana Purchase Ex-position (St. Louis, 1904).

T. Hunt.

Gozo, Diocese op (Goulos-Gaudisiensis), com- prises tlie Island of Gozo in the Mediterranean Sea (seventeen miles west of the harbour of Valetta, Malta) and islet of Comino, and has a population of 22,700 souls. It is more picturesque than the sister island of Malta, and the country, covered as it is with conical hills, is more fertile in its plains and valleys. On a central plateau the ruined fortifications of an an- cient town contain the cathedral church and public buildings, outside of which is a large suburb. Gozo is famed for its grotto of Calypso, at a little distance from which are the ruins of a Cyclopean temple, a most conspicuous monument of antiquity.

Up to the year 1864, Gozo formed part of the Dio- cese of Malta, but Pius IX, acceding to the repeated prayer of the clergy and the people, erected it into a separate diocese immediately subject to the Holy See. On 16 March, 1863, Monsignor Francesco Michele Buti- gieg, a native of Gozo, was appointed titular Bishop of Lita and deputy auxiliary of the Archbishop-Bishop of Malta, for the Island of Gozo. He was consecrated at Rome on 3 May of the same year, on 22 September, 1864, was created first bishop of the new Diocese of Gozo, and on the 23rd day of the following month made his solemn entry into the new cathedral. Through the efforts of Mgr. Pietro Pace, who was then vicar-general of the diocese (now Archbishop of Rhodes and Bishop of Malta), a diocesan seminary was established on the site formerly occupied by the San Giuliano Hospital, the revenues of which were ap- propriated to the new institution. This seminary was inaugurated 3 November, 1866, and, by the express desire of Pope Pius IX, was placed under the direction of the Jesuits. On the death of Mgr. Butigieg, Father Micallef, Superior General of the Augustinian Order, was made Bishop of Citta di Castello and appointed administrator of the Diocese of Gozo. He left Gozo in May, 1867, and in 1871 became Archbishop of Pisa. His successor to the administration of the diocese was Mgr. Antonio Grech Delicata, titular Bishop of Chalce- don, a native of Malta, who, in 1868, was appointed Bishop of Gozo, and as such assisted at the Vatican Council. Mgr. Grech Delicata's charity towards the poor went so far that he even divested himself of his own patrimony. This worthy prelate died on the last day of the year 1876.