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describe the psalms said after Mass ("deinde statini dicuntur hymni illi: Benedicite et Laudate", IV, 59). Nevertheless, the practice of saying it at the altar grew; eventually Pius V made this practice universal For the Roman Rite in his edition of the Missal (1570). The fact that all these three additions after the " Ite missaesf'are to be said, even at high Mass, without any special ceremony, preserves the memory of their more or less accidental connexion with the liturgy. The normal last Gospel is John, i, 1-14. It is read by the celebrant at the north side of the altar after the blessing. He reads from the altar-card with the usual introduction (Dominus vobiscum . . . Initium S. Evangelii.etc), taking the sign of the cross from the altar. He genuflects at the words, " Et verbum caro factum est", and the server, at the end, answers "Deo gratias". At high Mass the deacon and subdeacon stand on either side, genuflect too, and answer. They do not read the Gospel ; it is in no way to be sung by the deacon, like the essential Gospel of the Liturgy. ^\'henever an office is commemorated, whose Gospel is begun in the ninth lesson of Matins, that Gospel is substituted for John, i, at the end of Mass. In this case the Missal must be brought to the north side (at high Mass by the subdeacon). This applies to all Siuidays, feriir, and vigils that are commemorated. At the" third Mass on Christmas day (since John, i, 1- 14, forms the Gospel of the Mass) that of the Epiphany is read at the end ; at low Mass on Palm Sunday the Gospel of the blessing of palms is read. Of Eastern Rites the Armenians alone have copied this practice of the last Gospel from the Latins.

All the medieval commentators (Durandus. Berno of Con- stance, Micrologus, etc.) discuss the Gospel at Mass and give mystic explanations of its use. See especially Durandus, Rationale div. officiorum, IV, 24, De Evangelio; Beissel, EniHehung der Perikopen des romischen Messbitches (supplement to the Stimmen aus Maria-Laach, 96) (Freiburg im Br., 1007); 'BA.uv>cyT, Les Evangeliaires, series Liturgie (Paris, 1908); Benedict XIV, De Sacrosanclo Sacrificio Missm.ed. Schneider (Mainz, 1879), II, 7, pp. 118-25, II, 24. p. 297; Gihr, Das hriligc Messopfer (6th ed., Freiburg im Br., 1897), 400^06, 433-446, 723-724 (tr. St. Louis, 1903); de Herdt, Sacra; liturgies praxis (ed. 9, Louvain, 1894), I, 292-96, 438-46.

Adrian Fortescue.

Goss, Alexander, second Bishop of Liverpool; b. at Ormskirk, Lancashire, 5 July, 1814; d. at St. Ed- ward's College, Liverpool, 3 Oct., 1872; connected on both sides with old Lancashire families who had always been Catholics; his father was descended from the Gooses or Gosses, his mother from the Rutters. His maternal uncle, the well-known priest. Rev. Henry Rutter, sent him to Ushaw College, 20 June, 1827, where he distinguished himself as a student. When he had completed his philosophy course, he was ap- pointed as a "minor professor" to teach one of the classes in the humanity schools. On the death of his uncle, he spent the legacy he received, in going to Rome, where he studied theology at the English Col- lege, and was ordained priest, 4 July, 1841. On his re- turn to England, early in March, 1842, he was sent to St. Wilfrid's Church, Manchester, but in the following October he was appointed vice-president of the newly founded college of St. Edward, Everton, near Liver- pool. Fr. Goss held this office until he was chosen coadjutor-bishop to Dr. Brown, ten years later. He was consecrated by Cardinal Wiseman, at Liverpool, 25 Sept., 185.3, and as there was no pressing need of his services, he took the opportunity to pay a long visit to Rome. On 25 January, 1856, he became Bi.shop of Liverpool by the death of Dr. Brown, and from that time his commanding personality made him a most prominent figure in that city. His lofty stat- ure, dignified bearing, and vigorous speech were the fit accompaniments of a .strong and straightforward character. He showed a vast amovmt of apostolic zeal in the duties of his sacred office, and was an eloquent preacher and a powerful controversalist. He was the beau-ideal of the rugged folk from which

he derived — the old recusants of Lancashire — the mainstay of the old Faith in England; which character obtained for him the respect of his adversaries, the objection of his friends, and the admiration of the people at large, as being a typical Enghshman, blunt, manly, and honest. He seldom used any words that were not of Anglo-Saxon origin, and he never in- dulged in any ambiguities of speech. In politics, he followed the Conservative party. Under his firm administration. Catholicity made great advances, many churches and schools were built, and the bishop proved an unflinching champion of Catholic education. His fearless denunciation of social evils, and his outspoken expression of opinion attracted the notice of the Press, and even "The Times" devoted special attention to his speeches. He was an accomplished scholar, not only in theology, but also in archa-ology, and he was an active member of the Chetham, Holbein, and Manx societies. For the first he edited "Abbott's Journal" and "The Tryalls at Manchester in 1694" (1864); for the Manx society, " Chronica Regum Mannia; et Insu- larum", to which he made valuable additions. An account of Harkirke burial-ground for recusants, and an introduction written by hnn were published by the Chetham Society in Crosby Records (M. S., 12, 1887). He also collected materials forahistory of Catholicity in the north, and edited Drioux's "Sacred History, comprising the leading facts of the Old and New Tes- tament". For many years he suffered so much that his friend. Rev. T. E Gibson, wrote of him (Lydiate Hall and its Associations, Introd.): "A prey to disease during the greater part of his episcopate, his life was the struggle of a fearless soul with bodily ailments and with the harassing mental anxieties incidental to his position." He w-as seized with his last illness sud- denly, and he passed away the same evening. There are two paintings of the bishop at St. Edward's Col- lege, Liverpool.

Gibson, Lydiate Hall and its Associations (1876); GiLlow, Bibl. Did. Eng. Cath. (London, 1886), s. v.; Cooper in Diet. Nat. Biog. (London, 1890), XXII, 256.

Edwin Burton.

Gossaert, Jan, called Mabu.se from Maubeuge in Hainaut ; Flemish painter ;b. about 1472; d.at Middel- burg about 1533. Nothing is known of him till after the age of thirty. In 1508 he went to Rome with the embassy of Philip of Burgundy, Admiral of Holland and Abbot of Middelburg, sent to Julius II by the Archduchess Marguerite. The visit occupied a year. On his return, Mabuse remained in the service of Philip, who had become Bishop of Utrecht. Perhaps he also accompanied him to Copenhagen (1515). This prince was a collector, a lover of the beautiful, espe- cially of elegant villas, fountains, and ornamental waterspouts. After his death in 1524 Mabuse entered the service of Adolphus of Burgundy, Marcjuess of Veere. He lived at his court, sharing his friendship and that of Christian of Denmark, a prisoner of the Archduchess, always enjoying the liberality and good- will of the great, and leading the free life of the artists of the cotmtrv from Van Eyck to Van Dyck. The tales of Van Mander dealing with his manners and pranks must be regarded as trivial gossip. He had married Marguerite de Molenaer, by whom he had two children, Pierre, who was a painter like his father, and Gertrude, who married the painter, Henri van der Hevden.

the career of Mabuse is divided into two distinct periods by his visit to Rome. During the first period he is merely a noteworthy painter of the school ot Memling and Gheeraert David. Good examples of this style are the panels of Antwerp, the "Holy Women returning from the Sepulchre", and the picture, incor- rectly called "The Honest Judges", which represents the centurion and his escort descending from Calvarv. These are beyond doubt the two wings of a lost " Cruci-