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 GORRES

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GORRES

frivolous life, being disobedient to his order, and neglectful of his religious duties, reformed, became a curate in Monster, Holland, and was imprisoned in 1.572; Adrianus Janssen of Hilvarenbeek, atone time a Premonstratensian and parish priest in Monster, who was sent to Brielle with Jacobus Lacops ; and lastly An- dreas Wouters of Heynoord, whose conduct was not edifying up to the time of his arrest, but who made ample amends by his martyrdom.

After enduring much suffering and abuse in the prison at Gorkvmi (26 June-6 July) the first fifteen martyrs were transferred to Brielle. On their way to Dortrecht they were exhibited for money to the curi- ous and arrived at Brielle 6 July. On the following day, Lumey, the commander of iheWatergeuzen, caused the martyrs to be interrogated and ordered a sort of disputation. In the meantime the four other martyrs also arrived. It was exacted of each that he abandon his belief in the Blessed Sacrament and in papal supre- macy. All remained tirm in their faith. Meanwhile there came a letter from William of ( Irange which en- joined all those in authority to leave priests and re- ligious unmolested. Nevertheless Lumey caused the martyrs to be hanged in the night of 9 July, in a turf- shed amid cruel mutilations. Their beatification took place on 14 Nov., 1675, and their canonization on 29 June, 1865. For many years the place of their martyrdom in Brielle has been the scene of numerous pilgrimages and processions.

EsTius, Novorum in HoUandia conslantissimoruni mar- tyrum passionis historia (Cologne, 1572); Idem, Historicp niar- tyrum Gorcomiensium (Douai, 1603); Kronenburg, Neer- Uinds Heiligeti in later eeuwen (Amsterdam, 1901); Meuffels, Les martyrs de Gorcum (Paris, 1908).

P. Albers.

Gbrres, Guido, historian, publicist, and poet; b. at Coblenz, on 28 May, 1805; d. at Munich on 14 July, 1852. He was the son of the great Johann Joseph Gorres, and made his early classical studies in his native town. During his father's banishment he went to Aarau and Strasburg to pursue his education. Reaching the University of Bonn in 1824, he devoted himself chiefly to the study of philology and history. In Munich he continued his linguistic studies, and m 1830 received a prize from the French Academy. In the meantime (1827) his father had received a call as professor of history to Munich, and Guido, influenced by his father's lectures, now took \\p history as his chief study. The fruit of these studies were " Niko- laus von der Flue" (Ratisbon, 1831) and "Die Jung- frau von Orleans" (Ratisbon, 1834; 3rd ed., 1895). Jointly with Count Franz Pocci, he published from 1834-39 an illustrated serial on the festivals of the Church, the " Festkalender in Bildern und Liedern", the first illustrated magazine for the yoimg in German. Still carrying on his historical work, he made a great tour of investigation through France in search of further material relating to the Maid of Orleans. But before long his work took a different direction. He edited from 1838 the " Historisch-politLsche Blatter", a publication subsisting to this day, established to maintain the defence of the rights of the Catholic Church and to champion the interests of German Catholics. Guido Gorres took charge of the editorial management with Phillips, and continued at this post until his death. The writings published by him in this review were numerous and on various topics. At the same time his talents as a poet found expression in many beautiful compositions. He became one of the foremost lyricists among the modern Catholic poets of Germany. The tale "Schon Rci.slein" (Munich, 1838), the charming collection of "Marien- lieder" (Munich, 1843), .some of which are still .sung by the people, besides '' Das Weihnachtskripplein "(Schaff- hausen, 1843), "Das Leben der hi. Ca'cilia in drci Gesangen" (Munich, 1843), and the widely-known and popular poems " DieGottesfahrt nach Trier" (Coblenz,

1844), "Die arme Pilgerin zum hi. Rock" (Coblenz, 1845), the "Gedichte" (Munich, 1844), evince true art, deep perception, and delicate tenderness, com- bined with power of conception and vigour of form. His work " Der hiirnene Siegfried und sem Kampf mit dem Drachen" (Schaffhausen, 1843) belongs to the domain of literary history. In 1846 he began with Count Pocci, as he had formerly done in the case of the Feast Calendar, the publication of an illustrated magazine called the " Deutsches Hausbuch", which however appeared for two years only. On the death of Klemens Brentano Gorres edited his "Marchen" (2 vols., Stuttgart, 1846). He also produced an excellent German translation of the " Imitation of Christ" (St. Polten, 18.39, with illustrations by Steinle). In 1844 Gorres married Maria Vespermann, who gave him three daughters. But his conjugal happiness was not to last more than eight years, for he died at Munich at the age of forty-seven years.

Historisch-politiscke Blatter, XXX, 133 sqq.; Meyers. Gvido Gurres (Luxemburg, 1896); Pollmann, Die Romantik dea Lt/rikers Guido Gurres in Historisch-polit. Blatter, CXXXV (190.-)), 705-26.

J. P. KiRSCH.

Gbrres, Johann Joseph, b. at Coblenz, in the heart of the Rhine country, 25 January, 1776; d. at Munich, 29 January, 1848. He was the strongest and most gifted champion of C'atholic Germany, from the religious and the political point of view, during the first half of the nineteenth century. His father, Morits Gorres, had been a timber merchant. His mother was descended from an Italian family named Mazza, which had settled in Coblenz. He made his secondary studies at the gyirmasiumof Coblenz, where, after the expulsion of the Jesuits, pedantic and super- ficial rationalistic methods prevailed. In his youth Gorres was a republican and rationalist, and he looked upon the French Revolution as a movement to free the nations. His earliest writings, " Der allgemeine Friede, ein Ideal" (1798), likewise the monthly publi- cation " Das rote Blatt", which was continued in " Der Ruberzahl in blauen Grunde" (1798-1799), reflect this state of mind. He was one of several delegates sent by the Rhine and Moselle provinces to Paris in the fall of the year 1799, to protest against the conduct of the French general Leval in the Rhine country, and to remove the uncertainty hanging over his native country. His stay in Paris cured him of his enthusi- asm for the French Revolution, and the city appeared to him as a "flower-bedecked quagmire". The pamphlet " Die Resultate meiner Sendung nach Paris" (1800) gives an account of his impressions. In it he closes the first period of his life, which was filleil with plans and aspirations for the betterment of the human race and with bitter disappointments.

Returning from l':iris, Ihhtcs became professor of physics at the Sikiniilnrschulc (college) at Coblenz, where he remained until 1S06. On 14 September, 1801, he married Catherine von Lasaulx. As the fruits of his scientific studies at Coblenz he published a translation of Fourcroy's Synoptical Chemical Tables (1801), besides the two treatises "Aphorisnien (iber Organonomie" (1803) and "Exposition der Phisiolo- gie" (1805). At the same time under the influence of Schelling he became interested in natural philo.sophy, art, and poetry, as appears in his essays "Aphorisnien iiber die Kunst" (1802); "(ilauben und Wis.sen" (1805) ; and in his articles in Aretin's "Aurora". He identified himself with the Romantic movement, and in 1806 became Docent at the University of Heidel- berg, where German romanticism flourished, and where he found himself thrown into close association with Achim von Arnini. Klemens Brentano, and Eich- endorff. The last-named assisted liini in tlie produc- tion of his "Teutschen VulksburluT" (1807). Later on came the " Alteutsclicn Volksuiid Meisterlieder" (1817). He also contributed to the " Zeitung fiir