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 GORDOS

651

60RKTJM

210 had been killed in the streets, 75 died in hospital, and 173 were severely wounded. Of the prisoners taken, 52 were convicted, and of these between 20 and 30 executed. Lord (ieorge's trial, fortunately for him, had to be adjourned for some months. By then men's minds were cooler: he was admirably defended by the great advocate Thomas, afterwards Lord, Er- skine, and acquitted. There was, no doubt, a mis- carriage of justice here, but the formal indictment of "levying war on the king", could not be substan- tiated. Indeed it is certain that he did not at all fore- see the results of his actions, and that he exerted himself, when it was too late, to stem the torrent of mis- chief which he had let loose. John Wesley is some- times saiil to have assisted in arousing the religious fanaticism of the associates; but this is neither true nor possible, for he was at the time, and had been for months before, engaged in a missionarj' circuit through the Northern counties. In the previous Janu- ary, however, he had written a "Defence" of the "Appeal" issued by the Association, and obstinately maintained his narrow views in the "Freeman's Jour- nal", though they were answered by Father Arthur O'Leary. The losses of the Catholics were grave, and cannot be precisely scheduled. Claim for compensa- tion was afterwards made for 57 houses destroyed {three of these chapels or mass-houses), besides two embassy chapels. Nimibers, moreover, were con- strained to fly in confusion and by night, with their wives and children and little store of valuables. Their Protestant friends too often not daring to give them shelter, they fell in many instances into extreme dis- tress. Others were shot by the soldiers in trying to escape from the mob; four are reported to have died from fear; Mr. Dillon of Moorfields, an old man, who had previously endured prosecution for his priesthood, was wantonly thrown out of his sick-bed and died six weeks later. The sum eventually paid to the Catholics is said to have been £28.219 from the city, and £5200 from the Government. Mr. Langdale put his losses at £100,000, but refused compensation, receiving instead leave to distil spirits for a year free of impost, and thereby (so runs the story) made up handsomely the damage he had suffered.

The events of the riots were chronicled day by day in the papers, e. g. The Morning Advertiser, the London Chronicle, the London Gazette: and were summarized in the monthly and an- nual periodicals, e. g. the Political Magazine, and The Annual Register. See also the Lords' and the Commons' Journals; Lord Maho.n, History of England (185S), III, Ixi, Ixiii; Hol- CROFT. -4 Plain Narrative of the late Riots in London (1780): CoBBETT. Slate Trials, xxi, 485-687. Dickens has described the riot^ in ' 'Barnaby Rudge." The riots are also mentioned by all historians and memoir writers of the period.

For the misfortunes of the Catholics in particular, see Bur- ton, Life and Times of Bishop Challoner (London, 1909); The Catholic Magazine for 1833, being papers and documents col- lected by "L. C"; Dolman's Revieu: vols. V and VL ten con- tributions by Edward Price; .\lexius J. F. Mills, The Riots in London in 17S0 (London, 1SS3). The last two should be read with caution.

J. H. Pollen.

GoTdos, a titular see in the province of Lydia, suf- fragan of Sardis. The city is mentioned by Strabo, Hierocles, and Georgius Cj'prius. Ptolemy locates it between the River Hermus, the modern Guediz Tchai, and Mt. Sipylus. Lequien (Or. chris., I, 881) naines five of its bishops: John, known to Socrates (Hist. EccL, VII, xxxvi), and who assisted at the Council of Ephesus in 431; Theodotus, 458; Theodore. 536; George, 787; and Leo, 878. Between the years 901 and 907, under Leo the Wise (Ecthesis pseudo-Epi- phanii, ed. Gelzer, p. 553), Gordos is always mentioned as a suffragan of Sardis. It.is not known when it was suppressecT but it no longer existed in the fifteenth century. Gordos, now Guerdiz. is the chief town of a caza" of the sanjak of Saroukhan in the vilayet of Aidin. The city numbers four thousand inhabitants, six hundred of whom are Greek schismatics, the

remainder being Mussulmans. It is the chief centre of the manufacture of Smyrna carpets. Clinet, Ln TurquK d'Asic. Ill, 556-559.

S. Vailhe.

Gorgonius, Saint, Martyr, suffered in 304 at Nico- media during the persecution of Diocletian. Gorgo- nius held a high position in the household of the emperor, and had often been entrusted with matters of the greatest importance. At the breaking out of the persecution he was consequently among the first to be charged, and, remaining constant in the profes- sion of the Faith, was with his companions, Dorotlieus, Peter, and several others, subjected to the most frightful torments and finalh' strangled. Diocletian, determined that their bodies should not receive the extraordinary honours which the early Christians were wont to pay the relics of the martyrs (honours so great as to occasion the charge of idolatry), ordered them to be thrown into the .sea. The Christians nevertheless obtained possession of them, and later the body of Ciorgonius was carried to Rome, whence in the eighth century it was translated by St. Chrodegang, Bishop of Metz, and enshrined in the monastery of Gorze. Many French churches obtained portions of the saint's body from Gorze, but in the general pillage of the French Revolution, most of these relics were lost. Our chief sources of information regarding these martyrs are Lactantius and Eusebius. Their feast is kept on 9 Sept.

There are five other martyrs of this name venerated in the Church. The first is venerated at Nice on 10 March; the second, martyred at Antioch, is com- memorated on 11 March; the third, martyred at Rome, is honoured at Tours on 11 March; the fourth, martyred at Nicomedia, is reverenced in the East on 12 March; while the fifth is one of the Forty Martyrs of Sebaste, whose fea,st is kept 10 March.

Acta SS., XLIII, 328; AJialecta Bollandiuna. XVIII, 5.

John F. X. Mdrphy.

Gorkum, The Martyrs of. — In the year 1572, Luther and Cah-in had already wrested from the Church a great part of Europe. The iconoclastic storm had swept through the Netherlands, and was followed by a struggle between Lutheranism and Cal- vinism in which the latter was victorious. In 1571 the Calvinists held their first synod, at Embden. On 1 April of the next year the Watergeuzen (Sea-beggars) conquered Briel and later Vlissingen and other places. In June, Dortrecht and Gorkum fell into their hands, and at Gorkum they captured nine Franciscans. These were: Nicholas Pieck, guardian of Gorkum, Hieronymus of Weert, vicar, Theodorus van der Eem, of Amersfoort, Nicasius Janssen. of Heeze, Wil- lehad of Denmark, Godefried of Mervel, Antonius of Weert, Antonius of Hoornaer, and Franciscus de Roye, of Brussels. To these were added two lay brothers from the same monastery, Petrus of Assche and Cornelius of Wyk near Duurstede. Almost at the same time the Calvinists laid their hands on the learned parish priest of Gorkum, Leonardus Vechel of Bois-le- Duc, who had made distinguished studies in Louvain, and also his assistant Nicolaas Janssen, surnamed Poppel, of Welde in Belgium. With the above, were also imprisoned Godefried van Duynsen, of Gorkum, who was active as a priest in his native city, and Joannes Lenartz of Oisterwijk, an Augustinian and director of the convent of Augustinian nuns in Gorkum. To these fifteen, who from the verj- first underwent all the suffer- ings and torments of the persecution, were later added four more companions: Joannes van Hoornaer, a Do- minican of the Cologne province and parish priest not far from Gorkum, who, when apprised of the incar- ceration of the clergj' of Gorkum, hastened to the city in order to administer the sacraments to them and was seized and imprisoned with the rest. Jacobus La^ cops of Oudenaar, a Norbertine, who after leading a