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 GOLGOTHA

632

GOMES

for the final attack of Protestantism upon the ancient Faith. Goldwell strenuously resisted as far as in him lay. It is interesting to note by what dishonourable and underhand methods the queen's party put it out of his power to make his protest in a constitutional manner. It was alleged that, by his nomination to Oxford, he was no longer Bishop of St. Asaph; but that, as he had not done homage to the queen for Ox- ford, he was not yet bishop of that see. Accordingly, he did not receive the summons to Parliament which was undoubtedly his legal due. In May, 1559, how- ever, he was summoned before the queen with the other bishops, and all of them were expelled from their sees for their refusal to take the oath of supremacy. He then resolved to leave the country, for, as he after- wards stated, he was not allowed to perform a bishop's office, say Mass, or administer the sacraments, as long as he remained in England.

Although the ports were being watched for him, he succeeded in making his escape. It was obviously im- possible for him to have carried off the register and records of his see under such circumstances. This charge, however, has been maliciously made against him. He then became an active Catholic exile. He started at once for Rome, but was detained at Louvain by sickness. ^ He refused the offer of an Italian bish- opric, preferring to devote himself to his order (the Theatines) and to the conversion of England. In 1561 he was made superior of his old convent at Naples, and also warden of the English Hospital at Rome. He was the only English bishop at the Council of Trent, where he was treated with marked respect. He was there engaged in the revision of the Breviary and the Missal; and also urged the council to excommunicate Queen Elizabeth. His mere presence at Trent was a cause of such excessive annoyance to Elizabeth that she wrote the following extraordinary farrago of false- hood to her German envoy Mundt: " We think it may be that one Goldwell, a very simple and fond man, having in our late sister's time been named to a small bishopric in Wales called St. Asaph, though never thereto admitted, flying out of the realm upon our sis- ter's death, is gone to Rome as a renegade, and there using the name of a bishop, wUhnut order or title, is per- haps gone in the train of some Cardinal to Trent, and so it is likely the speech hath arisen of a bishop of Eng- land being there." In 1563 Goldwell was vicar-gen- eral to the Archbishop of Milan, St. Charles Borromeo. In 1567 he was made vicar of the cardinal archpriest in the Lateran, and in 1574 the Cardinal Vicar Savelli made him his vicegerent; he thus became, so to speak, the "working" bishop of Rome. Hall, an English traveller in 1568, said that Goldwell was the only Eng- lish Catholic in Rome who was courteous to him. In 1580, in spite of his advanced age, he set out for Eng- land at the head of the mission which included Cam- pion and Persons, but he was taken ill at Reims and obliged to return to Rome. One of the last acts of his long and strenuous career was to serve on the Congre- gation for the Revision of the Roman Martyrology, in 1582. On the death of the Bishop of Lincoln, in 1584, Goldwell became the sole survivor of the ancient Eng- lish hierarchy. He died the next year, and was buried at St. Sylvester's. A portrait of him exists at the English College, Rome.

Knox, The tost, syrvivor of the ancient Enijlish Hierarchy, Thoman Goldwell. Bishop nf St. Asaph (London, 1876); Tout in Dtci. Nat. Biog.. s. v.; Gillow, Bihl. Dirt. Eng. Cath.. s. v.; Thomas, History of the Diocese of St. Asaph (1874). 84, 201; Bliss, Wood's Alhen. Oxon., II; Brady, Episcopal Succession, I, II, III; BoccATBLLi, Life of Pole.

C. F. Wemyss Brown.

Golgotha. See Calvary, Mount.

Goliath. See David.

G6mara (or G(')MonA), Francisco Lopez de, h. at Seville, Spain, in 1510; studied at the University of Alcal.1, was ordained priest, made a journey to Rome,

and upon his return in 1540, entered the service of Hemdndo Cortes as private and domestic chaplain. He accompanied Cort(^s on the Algerian expedition, and, after the death of his patron, it is known that he was at Valladolid in 1556 or 1557, after which he is supposed to have retired to his native city of Seville, where he probably died. With the information given him by the conqueror and other persons who had re- turned from the New World (he himself cites Gonzalo de Tapia and Gonzalo de LTmbria) he wrote his "His- pania Victrix; First and Second Parts of the General History of the Indies, with the whole discovery and notable things that have happened since they were acquired until the year 1551, with the conquest of Mexico and New Spain", a work published at Sara- gossa in the year 1552. It was translated into French by Martin Fumee and published at Paris in 1578; Augustin Gravaliz translated it into Italian and pub- lished it at Venice in 1500; lastly, Juan Bautista de San Anton Chimalpain Quanhalehuatzin translated it into Mexican. The author relates in the first part, which is dedicated "To Don Carlos, Emperor of Ro- mans, King of Spain, Lord of the Indies and New World", the whole discovery and conquest of the An- tilles, Peru (up to the pacification effected by Gasca), Chile and Central America, also the voyage of Magel- lan and the discovery of the Moluccas. In the second part he tells of the conquest of Mexico, and it is dedi- cated "To the Very Illustrious Lord Don Martin Cortes, Marques del Valle" — the son and heir of the conqueror.

Whether through the desire to aggrandize his pa- tron, or through relying on the first-hand information which the latter gave him (it is to be noted that G6- mara was never in America), or from malice, or for some other reason, Gomara fell into serious errors and in many instances sinned gravely against historical truth. It was perhaps for this reason that Prince Philip (afterwards Philip II), in a decree issued at ValladoKd, 17 November, 1553, ordered all the copies of his work that could be found to be gathered in and imposed a penalty of 200,000 maravedis on anyone who should reprint it. This prohibition was removed in 1727 through the efforts of Don Andreas Gonzalez Barcia, who included Gomara's work in his collection of early historians of the New World (Coleocion de historiadores primitives de las Indias Occidentales). The "Verdadera historia de la Conquista de Nueva Espafia" (True History of the Conquest of New Spain) of Bernal Diaz del Castillo, a companion of Herndndo Cortes, w-as written to refute Gomara. The latter's style is concise and agreeable, the narrative running on rapidly and gracefully, all of which has had the effect of attracting readers to the work. Among other works of his which have remained unpublished are "Batallas de mar de nuestros tiempos" (Contem- porary Naval Battles) and "Historia de Harruc y Harradin Barbarroja".

Bihlioteca de aulores espaflole^ XXIJ, Historiadores de Indias, I (Madrid, 1852); Bihlioteca his%rica de la Iberia. II, Cr6nica de Gomara, I (Mexico, 1870); Diccionario enciclopedico Hispano Americano, XII; Leon, Historia general de Mexico (Mexico, 1902).

Camillus Crivelli.

Gomes De Amorim, Francisco, Portuguese poet, dramatist, and novelist; b. at Avelomar, near Oporto, 13 August, 1827; d. 4 November, 1891. His parents were respectable but so poor that Francisco had to leave school at the age of ten, when he went to Brazil and obtained a situation in a business house at Pard. After some time he foimd an opportunity to study the manners and dialects of the Indiim tribes of the Ama- zon forests. He returned (o Portugal in his twentieth year, and two years later, imder the iiiHuenrp of the revolutionary ideas of 1848, he composed the poems, "A libenlade", "A queda da Ilungria" and "Gari- baldi". Sympathizing as he did with the principles