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GLASGOW

The first bishop of the restored see was John Eochy, or Achaius, who held it from 1115 till 1147. He had twenty-three successors in actual possession till 1560, when the Catholic Faith was abolished by act of the Scottish Parliament. Nearly all these bishops of Glas- gow took an active share in the government of the country, wliether as chancellors or treasurers of the kingdom or as members of regency during the minority of a sovereign. Robert Wishart (consecr. 1272, d. 1.316) was conspicuous for his patriotism during the War of Independence, and was the close friend of Wallace and Bruce. William Turnbull (consecr. 1447, d. 1454) obtained in 1450 from Pope Nicholas V the charter of foundation for the University of Glasgow. On 9 January, 1492, Innocent VIII raised the see to metropolitan rank, attaching to it the suffragan dio- ceses of Argyle, Dumblane, Dunkeld, and Galloway. James Beaton, nephew of the celebrated cardinal of the same surname, was the fourth and last archbi.shop of the old hierarchy. In 1560, eight years after his nom- ination, he was forced to retire to France, where he acted as confidential agent of Queen Mary, and later

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Inteiuor of Cathedral of .St. Mungo, Glasgow

openly as ambassador for James VI, till his death in Paris, 25 April, 1603. He carried away with him the diocesan records, two of which deserve special men- tion: (1) " Registrum Vetus Ecclesiae Cathedralis Glas- guensis", in handwriting of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, and (2) " Liber Ruber Ecclesia; Glasguen- sis", with entries from about 1400 to 1476. These, along with other records, were in 184.3 printed in a handsome volume for the Maitland Club under the title: "Registrum Episcopatus Glasguensis: Muni- menta Ecclesiae Metropolitanse Glasguensis a sede res- taurata sajculo ineunte XII ad reformatam religi- onem ". A more splendid memorial of those times still remains in the old cathedral of St. Mungo, which was begun by Bishop Jocelyn (consecr. 1175, d. 1199) and received its last additions from Archbishop Blackader (consecr. 1484, d. 1508). The building as a national monument is administered by a department of Gov- ernment, and the chancel is used for the Presbyterian worship of the .State Church.

Glasgow did not again become a centre of Catholic life till about the beginning of the nineteenth century. The great industrial development which then began drew to the city and its neighbourhood Catholics from the Scottish Highlands and later, in far greater num- bers, from Ireland. In 1828 the Holy See erected the Western District or Vicariate of Scotland, and the first vicar Apostolic to reside in Glasgow was Andrew Scott, Bi-shopof Eretria (b. 1772, d. 1846). He was succeeded by John Murdoch, Bishop of Castabala (b. 1796, d. 1865) and John Gray, Bishop of Hypsopolis (b. 1817, d. 1872). On the resignation of Bishop Gray in 1869 Charles Eyre (b. 1817, d. 1902) was consecrated Arch- bishop of Anazarba and appointed administrator Apostolic. On the restoration of the Scottish hierarchy by Leo XIII, 4 March, 1878, the Archbishopric of

Glasgow was re-established, and Archbishop Eyre was transferred to the restored see. He had consoli- dated the work of his predecessors in the former vicariate, and had laid the foundations for a complete diocesan organization. In 1884 he obtained from the Holy See the erection of a cathedral chapter with a provost and eleven canons. He introduced a thor- ough system of inspection in religious knowledge for the schools of the archdiocese. He was also the foun- der in 1874 of the diocesan college for higher studies, to house which he erected in 1892 at his own cost a building worthy of the purpose. He was succeeded in 1902 by John Aloysius Maguire (b. 1851), who had been consecrated as auxiliary bishop in 1894. The Catholics of the Glasgow district are computed at 380,000 out of a general population within the same bounds of 1,180,000. The number of Catholic bap- tisms in 1906 was 14,785. Taking the statistics avail- able for 1908, there are 91 quasi-parishes, with 271 priests on active service distributed over 21 deaneries. There are 7 religious commiuiities of men, and 16 of women. There are Catholic elementary schools in all the quasi-parishes, besides 14 upper-schools and a training college for female teachers. The teaching staff of the archdiocese numbers 1230. The number of children presented in 1907 for religious examination in the elementary schools was 55,350. There are 15 charitable institutions of various kinds, and there is a conference of the St. Vincent de Paul Society in nearly every quasi-parish.

Registrum Episcopatus Glasguensis, with Introduction, printed tor the Maitland Club (Edinburgh, 1843); The Catholic Directory lor Scotland (Edinburgh, 1908); The Western Catholic Calendar (Glasgow, 1908).

John Ritchie.

II. Glasgow University. — Forty years later than St. Andrews, Glasgow University was founded by Bull of Nicholas V, dated 7 January, 1450-1, granted at the request of James II, who acted on the advice of Wil- liam Turnbull, Bishop of Glasgow. The bishop and his successors were to be ex-officio chancellors of the university; the foundation also provided for a rector, doctors and masters in the four faculties. Originally, it appears, most of the students enrolled were eccle- siastics, secular and regular, especially of the Domini- can Order: "many of the Friars Predicators were diligent students" (Munim., i, 34) "and took a deep interest in the success of the university" (Stewart, p. xiii); and Bishop Turnbull warmly encouraged his clergy both to learn and to teach. He also procured from James II a royal charter in 1453. The Bull con- stituted a "studimn generale, tam in theologia ac iure canonico et civili quam in artibus et quavis alia licita facultate", after the pattern of Bologna. The foundation of a college followed soon; it stood at first near Rotten Row; later, on a site given by Lord Hamil- ton in High Street, where it remained till 1870. The college {Pirdagoghim) was ruled by three "regents"; the students were distributed in four " nations", origi- nally called Clidisdalice, Theindaliw, Albania; Rosay, now surviving as Glottiana, Loudoniana, Transfor- Ihana, Rothseiana. Among the most famous names in the early annals of the university are: William Elphin- stone, afterwards Bishop of Aberdeen and founder (in 1494-5) of Aberdeen University; the poet Robert Henryson; John Kno.x; Cardinal Beaton; and James Beaton, liis nephew, chancellor of the university and Archbishop of Glasgow in 1560, when, upon the estab- lishment of Protestantism, he fled to France.

The university, almost destroyeil in the religious troubles, was refounded by James VI, then a minor under Morton's regency, in 1577 (Noi^a Ercdio), with increased endowments, and reorganized by Andrew Melville or Melvin. From that time it has continued to increase; Dr. Weir (op. cit.) calculated the number of students at various epochs as follows: at beginning of sixteenth century, 50; jit beginning of seventeenth