Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 6.djvu/654

 OLAIRE

576

GLANVILLE

writing the Slavonic in Bulgaria, Russia, and Galicia, while the Southern and Western Slavs used the Gla- golitic. These Slavs were converted to Christianity and to the Roman Rite by Latin missionaries, and gradually the Roman alphabet drove out the use of the Glagolitic, so that the Bohemians, Slovenians, Moravians, and part of the Croatians used Roman letters in writing their languages. In Southern Croatia and in Dalmatia (often treated as synonymous with Illyria in ancient times) the Glagolitic has con- tinued in use as an ecclesiastical alphabet in writing the ancient Slavonic. Although the Slavic peoples bordering on the Adriatic Sea were converted to the Roman Rite, they received the privilege, as well as their brethern of the Greek Rite, of having the Mass and the offices of the Church said in their own tongue. Thus the Roman Mass was translated into the Sla- vonic, and, in order to more fully distinguish the Western Rite from the Eastern Rite among the Slavic peoples, the use of the Glagolitic alphabet was reserved exclusively for the service books of the Roman Rite, just as the Cyrillic was used for the Greek Rite.

The use of the Glagolitic Missal and office books, while permitted in general among the Slavs of Dal- matia and Croatia from the earliest times since the Slavonic became a liturgical language under Pope John VIII, was definitely settled by the Constitution of Urban VIII, dated 29 April, 1631, in which he provided for a new and corrected edition of the Slavic Missal conformable to the Roman editions. In 1648 Innocent X provided likewise for the Slavic Breviary, and by order of Innocent XI the new edition of the Roman-IUyrian Breviary was published in 1688. In the preface to this Breviary the pope speaks of the language and letters employed therein, and gives St. Jerome the credit for the invention of the Glagolitic characters: "Quum igitur lUyricarum gentium, quae longe lateque per Europam diffusse sunt, atque ab ipsis gloriosis Apostolorum Principibus Petro et Paulo potissimum Christi fidem edoctse fuerunt, libros sanctos jam inde a S. Hieronymi temporibus, ut pervetusta ad nos detulit traditio, vel certe a Pontificatu fel. rec. Joannis Papa; VIII, pra-decessoris nostri, uti ex ejusdem data super ea re epistola con- stat, ritu quidera romano, sed idiomate slavonico, et eharactere S. Hieronymi vulgo nuncupato conscriptos, opportuna recognitione indigere compertum sit." The new edition of the Roman Ritual in Glagolitic form had previously been published in the year 1640.

The latest editions of the Missal and ritual are those of the Propaganda, "Missale Romanum, Slavica lingua, glagolitico eharactere" (Rome, 1893), and "Riraski Ritual (Ohrednik) izdan za zapoviedi Sv. Otca Pape Paula V" (Rome, 1894). There was a former edition of the Glagolitic Missal, "Ordo et Canon Missa-, Slavice" (Rome, 1887), but on account of the numerous errors in printing and text it was destroyed, and only a few copies are in existence. The use of the Latin language in the Dalmatian seminaries since the year 1828 has had the effect of increasing the use of the Latin in the Roman Rite there, and the use of' the Glagolitic books has accord- ingly diminished. Of course the non-Slavic inhabi- tants of Dalmatia and Croatia have always used the Latin language in the Roman Rite. At present the Slavonic language for the Roman Rite, printed in Glagolitic characters, is used in the Slavic churches of the Dioceses of Zengg, Veglia, Zara, and Spalato, and also by the Franciscans in their three churches in Veglia, one in Cherso, two in Zara, and one in Se- benico. Priests are forbidden to mingle the Slavonic and Latin languages in the celebration of the Mass, which must be said wholly in Slavonic or wholly in Latin.

KuBEK, Slarosliivianski Sluvar (Ungvar, 1906); Archiv fiir alawische Philnloaif, V (Leipzig, 1881); Nilles, Kalendarium Manuale, I (Innsbruck, 1896); Echos d'Orient, VIII (Paris, 1905).

Andrew J. Shipman.

Glaire, Jean-B.\ptiste, priest, hebraist, and Bibli- cal scholar; b. at Bordeaux, 1 April, 1798; d. at Issy, near Paris, 25 Feb., 1879. Having completed a course of serious study at Bordeaux, he went to the seminary of Saint-Sulpice at Paris, the courses of which he fol- lowed simultaneously with those of Oriental languages at the Sorboime (State Faculty of Theology). After his ordination to priesthood, m 1822, he began to teach Hebrew at the seminary of Saint-Sulpice. In 1825 he was made assistant to the Abb6 Chaunac de Lanzac, professor of Hebrew at the Sorbonne, and succeeded him as lecturer in 1831. He was professor of Sacred Scripture in 1836, became dean of the faculty in 1841, and retired in 1851. His numerous works are out of date, but it should be remembered that he did much for the study of Holy Scripture, and, further- more, in a very conservative way.

The following are his chief publications. — On Orien- tal languages: " Lexicon manuale hebraicum et chal- daicum", Paris, 1830 (correction of the "Lexicon" of Gesenius) ; "Principes de grammaire h^braique et chaldalque", Paris, 1832 and 1843; "Manuel de \'h6- braisant", Paris, 1850; "Principes de grammaire arabe", Paris, 1861. On Holy Scripture: "Introduc- tion historiqueet critique aux livres de I'Ancien etdu Nouveau Testament", Paris, 1836, several times re- edited; he summarized it in his "Abr6g(S d'introduc- tion" etc., Paris, 1846, which also went through several editions; "Les Livres saints vengfe, ou la v6- Titi historique et divine de I'Ancien et du Nouveau Testament", Paris, 1845. The portion of his work which endures consists of his translations of the Bible: "La sainte Bible en latin et en frangais", Paris, 1834; "Torah Mosche, le Pentateuque ", Hebrew text with translation and annotations; "La sainte Bible selon la Vulgate", Paris, 1871-1873, an exact but too literal version; the translation of the New Testament, also frequently published separately, was specially exam- ined and approved at Rome. Glaire's translation was inserted in the " Bible polyglotte ' ' of Vigouroux, Paris, 1889-1890. With Viscount Walsh, Glaire edited the

"Encyclopedic catholique" (Paris, 1854 ), to

which he contributed a number of articles.

A. BOUDINHON.

Glanville, Randlf de, Chief Justiciar of England; b. at Stratford, Suffolk, England, date unknown; d. before Acre, Palestine, 1190. He was of a baronial house which got its name from Glanville, in Normandy, and which in England held property in Norfolk and Suffolk. His father was William de Glanville, of whom he was a younger son, though eventually, on the death of an elder brother, he inherited the family estates and honours. Both before and after his ap- pointment to the judicial bench, he held the shrievalty of various counties, which seems to betoken employ- ment in the Exchequer; in particular he was Sheriff of the great County of York from 1163 till the death of King Henry II, save a short break, and in 1173 he became Sheriff of Lancashire. In the latter year, in concert with William the Lion, King of Scots, and the French king, there broke out the great rebellion of King Henry's sons against their father, and in the following year the Scottish king entered England with a mighty host. King Henry being then in Poitou. However, in July, Robert Stuteville, Sheriff of York- shire, and Glanville, the latter doubtless at the head of the men of Lancashire, encountered the invaders near Alnwick and utterly routed them, Iving William himself liccoming Glanville's prisoner.

In 1176 we find Glanville a justice itinerant, and in 1180 he became Chief Justiciar of England. He had now reached the zenith of royal favour, which position he kept throughout the remainder of Henry's reign, being on occasion employed on various embassies, negotiations, and warlike expeditions, and in 1182 was appointed an executor of the king's will. In 1189