Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 6.djvu/652

 GIUSTI

574

GLABER

chiefly from ancient codices in the Vatican and Valli- celhan Libraries and the Library of Christipa of Sweden, were highly praised by the different acade- mies of Europe, even Protestant. Chief among his publications are the "Codices sacramentorum non- gentis annis antiquiores" (Rome, 1680), partly tran- scribed bj' Mabillon in his ''Liturgia Gallicana". Following these, in order of time, were: "Psalterium" (Rome, 1683), according to the Roman and GaUican editions, published under the name of "Giuseppe Maria C'aro". In this work Tommasi introduced Origen's sjTnbols (obeli and asterisks), obsolete for nine centuries. Lender the same pen-name Tommasi WTote "Responsalia et Antiphonaria Rom. Eccl.", etc. (Rome, 1686); "Sacrorum Bibliorum Tituli, sive capitula" (Rome, 1688); "Antiqui hbri Missarum Rom. Eccl." or the Antiphonary of Pope Saint Greg- ory, entitled "Comes", written by Alcuin at the order of Charlemagne (Rome, 1691); "Officium Dominica; Passionis", u.sed by the Greeks on Good Friday, trans- lated into Latin (Rome, 1695). Under his proper name he published "Speculum" (Rome, 1679); "Ex- ercitium Fidei, Spei et Caritatis" (Rome, 1683); "Breviarium psalterii (Rome, 1683); "Vera norma di glorificar Dio" (Rome, 1687); "Fermentum" (Rome, 1688); "Psalterium cum canticis" (Rome, 1697); "Indiculus institutionum theologicarum vet- erum Patrum" (3 vols., Rome, 1709; 1710; 1712), an exposition of theological theory and practice, derived from original patristic sources. Tommasi also wrote numerous opuscula, the last four published by G. Mercati (Rome, 1905). In 1753 Vezzosi published his works in eleven quarto volumes.

Tommasi's efforts at reform were directed not to the introduction of the new, but to the restoration and maintenance of the old. He was not always upheld and was sometimes rebuked for his zeal. Innocent XII made him examiner of the bishops, or of the clergy. Clement XI appointed him consultor of the Theatine Order, theologian of the "Congregatio super Disciplina Regulari" and other congregations, con- sultor of the Congregations of Rites and Indulgences, and qualificalor of the Hoh' Office. The same pope created him cardinal-priest of the Title of S.Martino ai Monti and compelled him to accept the honour. Tak- ing St. Charles Borromeo for his model, Tommasi practised humility and charity towards the poor. He taught catechism to the children of the poor in his titular church. He introduced the use of Gregorian chant in his church. On his death he was mourned by all, even by the pope, who so admired his sanctity that he consulted him before accepting the papacv. He was beatified by Pius VII, 5 June, 1803. Every year the Arcadians hold a religious and literarv' com- memoration in his honour. His body rests in the church of S. Martino ai Monti.

BoEnoMEO, Vita (Venice, 1713); Fontanini in GiornoZe dei LiHcra/i d'/toha. XVIII-XXVI; Bernini, Vita (Rome, 1714); Vezzosi in introduction to the works of Tommasi; Mabillon, Liturgia Gallicana (1689-1729); Benedict XIV, Brief, 20 March, 1745. in 0pp. omnia, XV (1846), .509; Opuscoli incdili del Beato Card. Giuseppe Tommasi, ed. Mercati in Sludi e Te^ii (Rome, 1905); Carini, L' Arcadia dal 1690 al 1S90 (1S91), 73-Sl; WlcKHAM Legg, The Reformed Breviary of Cardinal Tommasi in The Church Historical Society (London, 1904), LXXX, H sqq.; Vezzosi, Scriltori di Chierici Regolari detii Teatini, II (17S0), 409^14, 416-427.

Francesco Paoli.

Giusti, Giuseppe, poet and patriot; b. 1809, at Monsumano near Pescia, Italy; d. 31 March, 1850, at Florence. He received his early training under a private tutor and in an academy at Florence. Then he entered the University of Pisa to take up the study of jurisprudence. He did not give overmuch atten- tion to his legal course, yet eventually he secured his degree, in 1S31, after a delay due in part to a political satire writ ten by him which displeased the authorities. Now establi.sliing himself in Florence, osten.sibly for the practice of law, he really devoted himself to

literary pursuits. When his health began to fail, he travelled about the peninsula with the hope of recover- ing it, visiting Rome, Naples, Leghorn, Milan, Pisa, and other places. In the meantime he had been active as a poet, and, trusting in the reform promised by the grand duke, Leopold II, he addressed to him an en- comiastic ode quite different from the satirical verses with which he had assailed him previously. He was admitted into membership in the Accademia della Crusca. Entering seriously into political life as a legislator, he was elected a deputy to the first and second Tuscan Legislative Assemblies, in which he signalized himself by his patriotic endeavours. At first he favoured the return of the grand duke, but when the latter came under Austrian auspices Giusti withdrew from public life. By this time tuberculosis, the fatal malady threatening him, began to assert itself all too plainly, and on 31 March, 1850, he died of it in the mansion of his friend, the Marquis Gino Capponi, who, like himself, was a sturdy Catholic and patriot.

Among his early compositions there figure his scherzi, as he called them, little lyrics of which some were amorous and others of varied import, and which were scattered broadcast through the land in manu- script form. In 1844 they were published at Leghorn with his sanction. It is obvious that he began his lyric career under the influence of Petrarch; later, however, he developed a romantic and elegiac strain of his own. Notable among his purely lyrical composi- tions is the "Fiducia in Dio", which sets forth his hope and faith as a Catholic Christian. With tremen- dous force does he express himself in his political satires, in which, departing from the conventional employment of the terza-runa and the blank verse, he uses a variety of lyric measures. Taken in their en- tirety, his political satires present a picture of Italy m his day. They are directed against social abuses of many .sorts, and at the same time they express a long- ing for political and moral regeneration. In view of the frankness and the acritude with which he assailed the grand-ducal government and the Austrians, it is surprising that he escaped the dungeon to which so many other Italian patriots of the time were con- demned. In prose he published but little. Mention may be made, however, of his " Proverbi toscani", a collection of proverbs annotated by him, and his " Epistolario ", a collection of his letters. These let- ters are rather too studied and polished in form, but they remain valuable for the autobiographical infor- mation that they contain. On the basis of them, the librarian, Guido Biagi, has prepared a volume entitled "Vita di Giuseppe Giusti, scritta da lui medesimo" (Florence, 1893).

Martini, Jl/cmoric tnedtfe (Milan, 1894); Frassi, Vita di G. Giusti (Florence, 1859); Poesie di G. Giusti, with an es-say by Carddcci, Della vita e delle opera di G. Giusti (Florence, 1859); Versi e prose, an edition by Giusti himself (Florence, 1846). Annotated selections from' his works, edited by Fioretto (Verona, 1876); by Fhizzi (MUan, ISSO); and by Bl.kal (Flor- ence, 1890).

J. D. M. Ford.

Giustiniani, Lorenzo, Saint. See Lawrence Ju.sTiNiAN, Saint.

Glaber, Raoul, Benedictine chronicler; b. in Bur- gundy l)ofore 1000 ; d. at Cluny about 1050. In early boyhood he w-as so waywanl and mischievous that his uncle, a monk, to safeguard him, forced him to enter the monastery of St-Leger do Chanjpeaux at the age of twenty. However, he adopted only the monastic habit. He tells us that through pride he resisted and disobeyed his superiors, and quarrelled with his breth- ren, finally he was expelled. He then entered the monasteries "of Notre-Dame du Moutier and St-Benig- nus at Dijon. Abbot William of Dijon, who appreci- ated Raoul's literary talents, became his warm friend and took him in 1028 as his companion on a journey to