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 GIBBONS

549

6IBERTI

influence that the inhabitants submitted without pro- test, and took the oath of allegiance to the Common- wealth of Virginia. Through his influence also the people of Cahokia took the same step. As a volunteer agent of Clark he then proceeded to Vincennes, and won the people of that post to the American cause. In consequence of these proceedings many of the Indian tribes now acknowledged the authority of the States. But the activity of "the patriot priest" did not cease here, for, a year later, when Clark marched upon Vin- cennes, which meanwhile had been taken by the Eng- lish, there were among his forces two companies of the Catholic citizens of Illinois. Concerning the last years of I''athcr Gibault's life, little is definitely known. In 1791 he left Illinois, then a part of the Diocese of Balti- more, and retired to the Spanish territory beyond the Mississippi.

English, The Conquest of the Northwest (Indianapolis, 1896), I: She.\. The Life and Times of Archbishop Carroll (New York, 1S8S): Alerding, The Diocese of Vincennes (Indianapolis, 1883); Law, The Colonial History of Vincennes (Vincennes, 1858); Illinois Historical CollceJion. I, 171; Peyton, Records of the American Catholic Historical t^ocieti/, XII. 452; Catholic Historical Researches, II, 55, 117; V, 52; VI, 136.

John J. O'Brien.

Gibbons, James. See B,\ltimore, Archdiocese of.

Gibbons, John, Jesuit tlieologian and controver- sialist; b. 1.544, at or near Wells, Somersetshire; d. 16 Aug. or 3 Dec, 1589, during a visit to the monas- tery of Himmelbrode, near Trier. He entered Lin- coln College, Oxford, in 1561, but left the university without a degree. After studying philosophy and theology for seven years in the tierman College, Rome, he obtained the doctorate in both, 1576. Gregory XIII gave him a canonry in the Cathedral Church of Bonn, in Germany, but he resigned this on entering the Society of Jesus at Trier, in 1578. In the college of this latter place he filled successively the offices of confessor, professor of theology, professor of Sacred Scripture, prefect of studies, and rector. Though remarkable for his zeal, charity, and admirable admin- istrative ability, he became more eminent on account of his controversial talents, which he displayed in fre- quent contests with the Lutherans of Germany. When Dr. Allen suggested Father Gibbons as a fit can- didate for, the English mission, the latter wrote both to the General of the Society and to Dr. Allen, that he hoped he should give no disedification by saying that he had not the spiritual strength necessary for such an enterprise, but that he would lend it all the assistance in his power.

Among his literary works must be mentioned: "Concertatio Ecclesiae Catholicse in Anglia, adversus Calvino-Papistas et Puritanos" (Trier, 1583). The work was republished on a larger scale in 1588 and 1594, by Dr. John Bridge water, who numbered among his assistants Cardinal Allen and Dr. Humphrey Ely. Dr. Bridgewater also edited (see, however. Diet. Nat. Biog., s. V.) a posthumous work of Gibbons entitled "Confutatio virulentae disputationis theologicse in qua Georgius Sohn, Professor Academia; Heidelber- gensis, conatus est docere Pontificem Romanum esse Antichristum a prophetis et apostolis pra>dictum" (Trier, 15S9). The Calvinist aspersions on the Ro- man pontiff are disposed of without much difficulty.

CooPEH in Diet. Nat. Biog., s. v.; Hiirter, Nomenclator, I, .56 (Innsbruck, 1,S92); Sommervogel. Bihlinthi-que de la Com- pngniede Jt'sus, III; Southwell, Bitjl. Script, Soe. Jesu, 453.

A. J. Maas.

Gibbons, Richard, brother of Father John Gib- bons, b. at Winchester, 1550 or 1549; d. at Douai, 23 June, 1632. After making his early studies in Eng- land, and completing a two years' course in philoso- phy at Louvain and in the German College at Rome, he entered the Society of Jesus, on 1 Sept., 1572, and continued his studies for three years. After his ordi- nation, he taught mathematics for thirteen years,

philosophy for ten, scholastic theology for three and for some time also Hebrew and Scripture, dividing hia time between Italy, Spain, Portugal, France, and Belgium. For a while he occupied the offices of pre- fect of studies at Louvain, and of preacher in the Jesuit College at St-Omer. His later years were spent at Douai, in printing ancient manuscripts, and in translating, editing, and annotating various learned works. The following deserve to be noticed: "His- toria admiranda de Jesu Christi stigmatibus ab Al- phonso Paleato Archiepisc. II. Bononiensi explicata. Accessit tomus II . . . Historioe admiranda; . . . complectens M. Vigerii S. R. E. Cardinalis de prae- cipuis Incarnati Verbi mysteriis decachordum Chris- tianum" (Douai, 1616). "R. P. Francisci Ribera; ... in librum Duodecim Prophetarum commen- tarij . . ." (Douai, 1612). " Historia Anglicana Ec- clesiastica a primis gentis suscepta; fidei incunabulis ad nostra fere tempora deducta . . . auctore Nicolao Harpsfeldio" (Douai, 1622). "Ludovici de Ponte Meditationum de Vita et Passione Christi, Libri II, ex Hispanico in Latinum versi" (Cologne, 1612). "A Spiritual Doctrine, conteining a Rule to Live Wei, with divers Praiers" (Louvain, 1599). "Meditations uppon the Mysteries of our Holy Faith, with the Prac- tise of Mental Praier . . ." (Douai?, 1610). "The J^irst Part of the Meditations of the Passion and Resur- rection of Christ our Saviour" (1614?). "Translation of Bcllarmine's Christian Doctrine".

GiLLOw, Bibl. Diet. Eng. Cath., s. v.; Cooper in Diet. Nat. Biog., s. v.; Sommervogel, Bibl. de la Compagnie de Jesus, III;

HtTRTER, Nomenclator.

A. J. Maas.

Gibert, Jean-Pierre, canonist; b. at Aix, Provence, in 1660; d. at Paris in 1736. He became a cleric at an early age, receiving the tonsure only; he studied at Aix, and became doctor of theology and canon law. He taught ecclesiastical law in the seminaries of Tou- lon and Ai.x, and settled in Paris in 1703, where he lived and worked in retirement.

His principal works are: " Doctrina canonum in corpore juris inclusorum, circa consensum parentum requisitum ad matrimonium filiorum minorum" (Paris, 1709); "Institutions ecclesiastiques et ben^fi- ciales suivant les principes du droit commun et les usages de France" (Paris, 1720 and 1736); "Usages del'Eglise gallicaneconcernant les censures et I'irr^gu- laritd considerees en general et en particulier" (Paris, 1724 and 1750); "Tradition ou Histoire de I'Egli.se sur le .sacrement de manage" (Paris, 1725); "Consul- tations canoniques sur les sacrements" (Paris, 1721- 1725, and 1750); "Corpus juris canonici per regulas naturali ordine digestas, usuque temperatas,ex eodem jure et conciliis, patribus atque aliunde desumptas" (Geneva, 1736; Lyons, 17.37), a masterly work on canon law in which the writer deviates from the order of the Corpus Juris. Gibert was a moderate Gallican. '^\(iYit-R\, Grand Dictionnairehistoritjue (Paris, 1759), quotes a letter from the Oratorian Bougerel (Paris, 1737), which gives a synopsis of Gibert's life; Niceron, Memoires pour servzr a I'his- toire des hommes illustres de la republique des lettres (Paris, 1727 — ), XI, 264; Schulte, Geschichte der Quellen und Literatur des canonischen Rechts (Stuttgart, 1880), II, 637.

A. BOUDINHON.

Giberti, Gian M.^tteo, Cardinal, and Bishop of Verona, the natural son of Francesco Giberti, a Geno- ese naval captain, b. at Palermo in 1495; d. at Verona, 30 Dec, 1543. In 1513 he was admitted to the house- hold of Cardinal Giulio de' Medici, and advanced so rapidly in Latin and Greek that he soon became an eminent member of the " Accademia Romana ". Later he was appointed the cardinal's secretary, and Leo X, with whom he had political dealings, vahied his opin- ions and advice very highly. In 1521 he was chief intermediary with the envoy of Charles V. He used his great influence over the pope to protect and help struggling men of letters. The choicest intellects met