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 GERMANICIA

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GERMANS

hostile to Protestantism. Gardiner's indictment states plainly that he was executed for endeavouring "to deprive the King of his dignity, title, and name of Supreme Head of the English and Irish Church", and his constancy is further proved by this circumstance, that Thomas Hayvvood, who had been condemned with him, was afterwards pardoned on recanting his opinions. His other companions at the bar were Blessed John Larke, priest, whom Blessed Thomas More had presented to the rectory of Chelsea (when he himself lived in that parish), and also the Ven. John Ireland, who had once been More's chaplain. They suffered the death of traitors at Tyburn.

Camm. Lircs of English Martyrs (London, 1904\ i, 543-7; Sthype, Cranmer (1694), 163-S; More, Li[e of More (1726), 278.

J. H. Pollen.

Germanicia, a titular see in the province of Eu- phratcnsis anil the patriarchate of Antioch; incor- rectlj' calletl Germaniciana and located in Byzacene, Africa. An official document of the Propaganda, the "Catalogo dei vescovati titolari" for 18S4 (no. 228, 10) expressly states that the see is Germanicia in Euphratensis. Lequien (Oriens christ., Paris, 1740, II, 939) names five Greek bishops of this city, among them the Arian Eudoxius, future Bishop of Antioch and Constantinople. He also names (II, 1495) four Jacobite bishops, and at least eighteen others are known from the eighth to the thirteenth century (Revue de I'Orient Chretien, 1901, 200), if Germanicia be considered identical with Marash, which has not been ascertained. It is customary to consider these two cities as identical, but the texts collected by Miiller, in his edition of Ptolemy's " Geographia" (965- 967), are so contradictory that it is difficult to arrive at any conclusion. Miiller prefers to locate Germani- cia in the neighbouring ruins of Altun-Tash-Kale. If Germanicia and Marash are one, this industrial city, whose climate is very healthy, is situated in a sanjak of the vilayet of Aleppo. It numbers 52,000 inhabit- ants, about 15,000 of whom are Catholics, comprising Melchites, Armenians, Chaldeans and Latins; 22,000 are Mussulmans. The remainder are either schismatic Christians or Jews.

CulNET, La Turquie d'Asic (Paris, 1892). II, 226-239.

S. Vailhe.

Germanicopolis, a titular see in the province of Isauria, snrfr:ii;an of Seleucia. The city took its name from Goniianicus, grandson of Augustus. Four of its bishops are known during the Byzantine government: Tyrannus, 451; Eustathius, 787; Basil, S7S (Lequien, Or. Christ., II, 1027) ; and Bisulas in the sixth century (Brooks, Sixth Book of the Letters of Severus, 13, 26, 80). The crusaders sustained a great defeat near the city in 1098. It then passed into the power of the Armenian dynasty of the Rupenians, who called it Germanig, whence is derived the present name of Er- menek. The Turks took possession of it in 122S. It is situated at a height of 1362 feet, in a caza of the vilayet of Adana, and numbers 6500 inhabitants. The ruins of many Roman monuments and a stronghold are still to be seen on the mountain.

CuiNET, La Turquie d'Asie, II, 77; Alishan, Sissouan, 338- 340.

S. Vailhe.

Germans in the United States, The. — Germans, either by birth or descent, form a very important ele- ment in the population of the United States. Their number is estimated at not less than twelve millions. Under the name Germarts we here imderstand to be included all Gernian-speaking people, whether origi- nally from ficrmany proper,' Austria, Switzerland, or Luxemburg.

A. Germans in Genehal. The landing, in the autumn of 1083, of Franz Daniel Pastorius and his little band of Meunonite weavers, from Crefeld, marks

the beginning of German-American history. These early immigrants founded Germantown, Pennsylva- nia, where they soon built themselves a church and established a school, taught by Pastorius, who wrote for it, and published, a primer, the first original school-book printed in Pennsylvania. To this place came the German settlers directly after their landing; from it went out the settlers who gradually spread over Montgomery, Lancaster, and Berks Counties, among them, the so-called Rosicrucians (settled near Germantown), a colony of German Friends, Quaker converts made by William Ames and visited by Penn (founded Cresheim, from Kreigsheim near Worms), and the Dimkers (Conestoga, Ephrata). From these early Pennsylvania settlers and their descendants many Americans of note have sprung, as Bayard Tay- lor, James Lick, Charles Yerkes, John Fritz, John Wanamaker, Charles M. Schwab, and Henry C. Frick.

In 1707, a small band of Lutherans, from the Palati- nate, embarked for America. They landed at Phila- delphia and settled in what is now known as Morris County. In the spring of the following year, another company of fifty-two Palatines, joined \>y three IIol- steiners, went to England and appealed to Queen Anne, praying for trans])ortation to America. The majority of these men were farmers and one was a Lutheran clergyman, Kockerthal; on arriving in the Colonies in the winter of 1709, they were scttlcti in the district then known as Quassaick Creek and Thanks- kamir (part of the territory of the present Ncwburgh). Another, and far more extensive, migration took place in the same j'ear and the following; about three thousand Palatines landed in America, by way of England. The severities of the winter of 1708-09 seem to have been the chief cause of this exodus. One company, imfler Christopher ile Graffenried and Lew'is Michell, settled at the j miction of the Neuse River and the Trent (North Carolina) and in the neighbouring country. This colony included a con- siderable number of Swiss, and to their first settle- ment they gave the name. New Berne, in memory of the native city of the two Swiss partners, de Ciraffen- ried and Michell. Another company of Germans was settled about the same time, by Governor Spotswood, at Germanna in Virginia, whitlier, a httle later, many of those who had estalilished themselves in North Carolina are said to have removed. Some ten or fif- teen years after Spotswood's retirement to Ciermanna, a company of Germans came into Virginia from Pemi- sj'lvania, doubtless Palatines from Berks Coimty. They settled in the lower Shenandoah Valley and foimded the town of Strasbitfg, just over the mountain from Germanna.

By far the largest expeflition of Palatines left the shores of England towards the end of January, 1710. They were settled on the Hudson (Rhinebeck, Ger- mantown, Newburgh, West Camp, Saugerties, etc.), whence many afterwards removed to the Schoharie Valley (Blenlieim, Oberweiser Dorp, Brunnen Dorp, etc.); the Government, however, refused to recog- nize their title to the Schoharie lands, and some of them at last migrated in disgust to the Mohawk Valley, where their increase and the stream of German immigration that followed made the Mohawk "for thirty miles, a German river" (Mannheim, Oppen- heim, Newkirk, German Flats, Herkimer, etc.). But the greater portion removed from Schoharie in 1723 to Pennsylvania, where Governor Keith, on hearing of their afflictions and imrest, offered them an asylum from all persecution. Previously to this migration from New York to Pennsylvania, thousands of Ger- mans had sailed directly to the latter territory, and so large was the Palatine element in these and the follow- ing inunigrations that the natives of all other German States, coming with them, were called by the same name. Between 1720 and 1730 the German immigra- tion to Pennsylvania became so large as to be looked