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 GAUTAMA

399

GAZA

authors the basis of the curriculum in their colleges. Gaume did not go so far as to exclude the pagan texts; he allowed them some place in the three highest classes (the course comprised eight), but banished them from the first five years.

Consulted by the professors of his petit siminnire as to the course to pursue, the Bishop of Orleans, Mgr. Dupanloup, addressed them a letter on classical teaching, m which he boldly declared himself in favour of the existing regulations and methods, thus pre- serving for the ancient authors the rank they had hitherto held, but at the same time assigned an im- portant place to Holy Scripture, the Fathers, and modern authors. Sharply attacked by Veuillot in " L'Univers", the bishop retorted by issuing a pastoral on the classics and especially on the interference of lay journalism in episcopal administration, and con- cluded by enjoining on the professors of his pelils snninaires to receive no longer " L'Univers". Then the question became even more burning; newspaper articles, brochures, pamphlets, even books succeeded one another on this question which created a general commotion among educationists. Gaume published in support of his thesis the " Lettre sur le paganisrae dans I'education". For a time it seemed as though the diocese were on the point of division. At this juncture Mgr. Dupanloup drew up a declaration which was signed by forty-six prelates. It contained four articles, two of which dealt with journalism in its relations with episcopal authority, and two with the use of the classics. It was therein stated: (1) that the employment of the ancient classics in secondary schools, when properly chosen, carefully expurgated, and explained from a Christian point of view, was neither evil nor dangerous; (2) that, however, the use of these ancient classics should not be exclusive, but that it was useful to join to it in becoming measure, as is generally done in all houses directed by the clergy, the study and explanation of Christian authors. Abb6 Gaume and his partisans lost no time in reducing their claims to the three following points: (1) the more comprehensive expurgation of pagan writers; (2) the more extensive introduction of Christian authors; (3) the Christian teaching of pagan authors. Never- theless it required instructions from Rome to put an end to this controversy. The Abb6 Gaume published further: "Bibliotheque des classiques Chretiens, latins et grecs" (30 vols., 1852-55); "Poetes et Pro- sateurs profanes completement expurgfe" (1857).

Laqranhe. Vic lie Mgr. Dupanloup. II, vi, vii; E. Veuillot, Vie de Loui.f Veuillot, II. xviii; L. Veuillot, Melanfjes, Series I, vol. VI: Series II, vol. I; Le Correspondant (1852), various articles. A. FoullNET.

Gautama. See Bdddhism.

Gauthier, Charles Hugh. See Kingston, Auch-

DIOCESK OF.

Gavantus (G.wanto), Bartolommeo, liturgist, a member of the Barnabite Order; b. at Monza, 1569; d. at Milan, 14 August, 1638. Gavantus devoted him- self early to liturgical studies, and with such success that his fame soon spread to Rome, where he was recognized as having a most accurate knowledge of the sacred rites. His chief work is entitled "Thesaurus sacrorum rituum seu commentaria in rubricas Missalis et Breviarii Romani" (Milan, 1628; revised ed. by Merati, Rome, 1736-38). In this work the author traces the historical origin of the sacred rites them- selves, treats of their mystical significance, gives rules as to the observance and obligation of the rubrics, and adds decrees and lirief explanations bearing on the subject-matter of the work. The liook was examined and approved liy ( 'ardiiials Millimi, Muto, and Cajetan, ami was dedicated to Pope Urban VIII. Gavantus was general of hin order, mid, in recognition of his great eorviccH, wmt nnmcd perpetual consultor to the

Congregation of Rites l;y Pope Urban VIII 1623-1644. David Dunford.

Gayarr€, Charles Etienne Arthur, American historian anil writer of fiction, grandson of Etienne de Bore, the first successful sugar-planter of Louisiana; b. in New Orleans, January, 1805; d. 11 P^ebruary, 1895. Pere Antoine (Antonio de 8edella), famed in Louisiana history, baptized him in St. Louis cathe- dral, where also, ninety years later, the funeral rites were perfornietl over his remains. Having received his early education in his native city, he went to Philadelpliia in 1S2(1 to study law, was admitted to the Pennsylvania Bar in 1S2S, and to that of Louisiana in 1829. Entering the political arena, he was elected to the State legislature in the same year, and subse- quently, in 1835, was .sent to the Senate of the United States. However, ill-health prevented him from ever performing his duties as senator, and the dictate of his physician kept him in France for eight years. The natural bent of his mind, the historical environment of his youth (Louisiana having just emerged from her colonial existence into .Vnieriian statehood), and per- sonal acquaintance with many of the men who were chief actors on the historical stage, all combined to determine the character of his life-work, which later secured for him the title, "Historian of Louisiana". Having obtained material from public and private archives in France, he published (1S4G-47) the result of his researches in "Histoire de la Louisiane" — a work which, based as it is on original documents, can- not but be of great value to the student of history. This " Histoire de la Louisiane" is the foundation and substance of the later and more comprehensive " His- tory of Louisiana", which is the great work of his life (4th ed., 4 vols. New Orleans, 1903).

In the "History of Louisiana", the author in- cludes an earlier work, " Poetry and Romance of the History of Louisiana", in which, he explicitly states, he intends to w'eave "the legendary, the romantic, the traditional, and historical cletnents" into one narra- tive, and which contains such Hights of imagination as to leave it devoid of critical value. The other parts of the work are more sirictly historical in scope and value ; yet the vivid style coupled with much personal observation precludes the analytical, dispassionate method, which the modern writer is wont to apply to the treatment of historical subjects. However, inas- much as Gayarre's book represents an intelligent and systematical compilation of documentary evidence, it is a remarkable achievement for his time, and is even yet an indispensable source of information concerning the history of Louisiana. Other works of his are: "Fernando de Lemos" (1872); " Aubert Dubayet, or the Two Sister Republics" (1882), a historical ro- mance ; both works are of local interest. He also con- tributed a number of historical articles to various magazines.

King. Charles Gayarre, Preface to History of Louisiana (New Orleans. 1903); Publications of Louisiana Historical Soci- ety (New Orleans, 1906), vol. III. pt. IV; Collections in the Howard Memorial Library, New Orleans.

Anthony F. Isenberg.

Gaza (Heb. 'Azz6h, the strong), a titular see of Pahestina Prima, in the Patriarcliate of Jerusalem. Gaza is one of the oldest cities in the world. Its first inhabitants were the Hevites (Deut. ii, 23). The Rephaim and the Enacim, expelled later by Josue, in- habited the surrounding mountains (Josue xi, 22). The Hevites were driven forth liy the Philistines who came from Caphtor (D. V., Cappadocia: Deut., ii, 23; Amos, ix, 7; Jer., xlvii, 4). Little else is known as to the origin of this %varlike people, who occupied the whole Mediterranean coast between Phoenicia and Egypt, and whom the Hebrews could never wholly subdue. It is agreed, howe\'er, that they came from the southern coast of Asia Minor and the islands of the Mgean. Jeremias (xlvii, 4) speaks of the island of Caphtor, the i.sle of Cappadocia in D. V. According to Steplien of Byzantium (" De Urbibus", s. vv. Gaza,