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Gratus (250 or 251), devoted half a century to the evangelization of the third Lyonnaise province amid innumerable difficulties, which the pagans raised against him. But he overcame all obstacles, and at hisdeath the Church of Tours was securely established. The " traditional school ", relying on legends that have hitherto not been traced back beyond the twelfth century, have claimed that St. Gatianus was one of the seventy-two disciples of Christ, and was sent into Gaul during the first century by St. Peter himself. This assertion, which has been refuted by learned and devout writers, is untenable in the face of the testimony of Gregory of Tours. To this bishop, who lived in the sixth century, we are indebted for the only details we possess concerning his holy predeces- sor.

C. Chevalier, Ori^ines de VEglise de Tours and Sehan de Saint-Claviev, Saint Gatien, premier eveqtte de Tours in Mem. dela Soc.archeol. de Touraine (Tours, 1S71), XVI; d'Espinat, La controverse sur Vepoque de la mission de Saint Gatien dans les Gaules in Mem. de la Soc. d'agric.^ sciences et arts d' Angers (.\ngers, 1873), 376^44.

Leon Clugnet.

Qau, Franz Christian, architect and archaeologist, b. at Cologne, 15 June, 1790; d. at Paris, January, 1854. In 1809 he entered the Academic des Beaux- Arts, Paris, and in 1S15 visited Italy and Sicily. In 1817 he went to Nubia, and while there he made drawings and measurements of all the more important monuments of that country, his ambition being to produce a work which should supplement the great work of the French expedition in Egypt. The result of his labours appeared in a folio volume (Stuttgart and Paris, 1822), entitled "Antiquitfe de la Nubie, ou monuments in&lits des bords du Nil, situes entre la premiere et la seconde cataracte, dessines et mesures in 1819". It consists of sixty-eight plates, of plans, sections, and views, and has been received as an authority. His next publication was the completion of Mazois's work on the ruins of Pompeii. In 1825 Gau was naturalized as a French citizen, and later became architect to the city of Paris. He directed the restoration of the churches of Saint-Julien-le- Pauvre, and Saint-S^verin, and built the great pri-son of La Roquette, etc. With his name, also, is asso- ciated the revival of Gothic architecture in Paris — he having designed and commenced, in 1846, the erection of the church of Sainte-Clotilde, the first modern church erected in the capital in that style. Illness compelled him to relinquish the care of supervising the work, and he died before its completion.

Imperial Diet. Univ. Biog., 3. v.; MicllAun, Biog. Univ., s. v.

Thom\s H. Poole.

Gaubil, Antoinb, a French Jesuit and missionary to China, b. at Gaillac (Aveyron), 14 July, 1689; d. at Peking, 24 July, 1759. He entered the Society of Jesus 13 Sept., 1704, was sent to China, where he arrived 28 June, 1722, and thenceforth resided continuously at Peking until his death. His Chinese name was Sung Kiun-yung. He had taken Parennin's place as head of the school in which Manchus were taught Latin, to act as interpreters in Russian affairs. Gaubil, the best astronomer and historian among the French Jesuits in China during the eighteenth century, carried on an extensive correspondence with the savants of his day, among them Frdret and Delisle. His works are numerous and are even yet highly prized. Among them is "Traits de I'Astronomie Chinoise", in the "Observations math^matiques", published by Pere Souciet (Paris, 1729-1732). From Chinese sources Gaubil translated the history of Jenghiz Khan (His- toire de Gentchiscan, Paris, 1739) and part of the an- nals of the T'ang Dynasty (in "M^moires concernant les Chinois ", vols. XV and XVI) ; he also wrote a treaty on Chinese chronology (Traits de la Chronologic Chi- noise, Paris, 1814) and executed a good translation of the second of the Chinese classics, the "Book of

History" {Shoo-king), edited by De Guignea (Paris,

Gaubil left a great number of manuscripts now kept in the Observatory and the Naval Depot (Paris), and in theBritish Museum (London). From three manuscript volumes kept formerly at the Ecole Sainte-Genevieve (Paris) the present writer published: "Situation de Holln en Tartaric" (T'oung Pao, March, 1893), and "Situation du Japon et de la Cor6e" (T'oung Pao, May, 1898). Abel Remusat, in "Nouveaux Melanges Asiatiques" (II, p. 289), wrote of Gaubil: "More pro- ductive than Parennin and Gerbillon, less systematical than Pr^mare and Foucquet, more conscientious than Amiot, less light-headed and enthusiastic than Cibot, he treated thoroughly, scientifically, and critically, every question he handled." His style is rather fatiguing, as Gaubil, in studying the Chinese and Man- chu languages, had forgotten much of his native tongue. Henri Cordier.

Gaudentius, Saint, Bishop of Brescia from about 387 until about 410; he was the successor of the writer on heresies, St. Philastrius. At the time of that saint's death Gaudentius was making a pil- grimage to Jerusalem. The people of Brescia bound themselves by an oath that they would accept no other bishop than Gaudentius; and St. Ambrose and other neighbouring prelates, in consequence, obliged him to return, though against his will. The Eastern bishops also threatened to refuse him Communion if he did not obey. We possess the discourse which he made before St. Ambrose and other bishops on the occasion of his consecration, in which he excuses, on the plea of obedience, his youth and his pre- sumption in speaking. He had brought back with him from the East many precious relics of St. John Baptist and of the Apostles, and especially of the Forty Martyrs of Sebaste, relics of whom he had received at Caesarea in Cappadocia from some nieces of St. Basil. These and other relics from Milan and else- where he deposited in a basilica which he named Con- cilium, Sanctorum. His sermon on its dedication is extant. Fromaletterof St.Chrysostom (Ep.clxxxiv) to Gaudentius it may be gathered that the two saints had met at Antioch. When St. Chrysostom had been condemned to exile and had appealed to Pope Inno- cent and the West in 405, Gaudentius warmly took his part. An embassy to the Eastern Emperor Arcadius from his brother Honorius and from the pope, bearing letters from both and from Italian bishops, consisted of Gaudentius and two other bishops. The envoys were seized at Athens and sent to Constantinople, be- ing three days on a ship without food. They were not admitted into the city, but were shut up in a fortress called Athyra, on the coast of Thrace. Their creden- tials were seized by force, so that the thumb of one of the bishops was broken, and they were offered a large sum of money if they would communicate with Atti- cus, who had supplanted St. Chrysostom. They were consoled by God, and St. Paul appeared to a deacon amongst them. They were eventually put on board an unseaworthy vessel, and it was said that the cap- tain had orders to wreck them. However, they ar- rived safe at Lampsacus, where they took ship for Italy, and arrived in twenty days at Otranto. Tlieir own account of their four months' adventures has been preserved to us by Palladius (Dialogus, 4). St.Chrys- ostom wrote them several grateful letters.

We possess twenty-one genuine tractates by Gau- dentius. The first ten are a series of Easter sermons, written down after delivery at the request of Beni- volus, the chief of the Brescian nobility, who had been prevented by ill health from hearing them delivered.' In the preface Gaudentius takes occasion to disown all unauthorized copies of his sermons published by shorthand writers. These pirated editions seem to have been known to Rufinus, who, in the dedication to