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GABRUCCI

Jesus at the age of sLxteen, and, after a distinguished course of study, taught at first tlie humanities, then philosophy, at Clermont-Ferrand (1643-1653), and theology at Bourges (1G53-16S1). In 1681, he was sent to Rome on business of his order, fell ill on the way, and died at Bologna. Gamier was considered one of the most learned Jesuits of his day, was well versed in Christian antiquity, and much consulted in difficult cases of conscience. In 1648, he published for the first time the " Libellus fidei ", sent to the Holy See during the Pelagian controversy by Julian, Bishop of Ecla- num in Apulia. Garnier added notes and an historical commentary. The Libellus also found a place in Gar- nier's later work on Mercator.

In 1655, he wrote " RegulEE fidei catholicae de gratia Dei per Jesum Christum", and published the work at Bourges. In 1673, he edited at Paris all the works of Marius Mercator (d. at Constantinople after 451). The edition contains two parts. The first gives the writ- ings of Mercator against the Pelagians, and to these Garnier adds seven dissertations: (1) " Deprimisaucto- ribus et praecipuis defensoribus hseresis qu« a Pelagio nomen accepit"; (2) " De synodis habitis in causa Pelagianorum"; (3) " De constitutionibus impera- torum in eadera causa 418-430"; (4) " De subscrip- tione in causa Pelagianorum"; (5) " De libellis fidei scriptis ab auctoribus et prseeipuis defensoribus hser- esis Pelagiante"; (6) " De iis quae scripta sunt a defen- soribus fidei catholicae ad versus haeresim Pelagianorum ante obitum S. Augustini"; (7) " De ortu et incre- mentis ha;resis Pelagianae seu potius Ccelestianae". Cardinal Noris (op. 3, 1176) considered these disserta- tions of great value, and says that, if he had seen them in time, he would have put aside his own writings on the subject. In the second part, Garnier gives a good historical sketch of Nestorianism from 428 to 433, then of the writings of Mercator on this heresy, and adds two treatises on the heresy and writings of Nestorius, and on the synods held in the matter between 429 and 433. Much praise is bestowed on Garnier by later learned writers for the great amount of historical knowledge displayed in his dissertations, but he is also severely blamed for his arbitrary arrangement of the wTitings of Mercator and for his criticism of the orig- inal (Tillemont, " M^moires ecclfe.", XV, 142; Cotelier, "Monum. eccl. graec". III, 602).

Garnier edited in 1675 at Paris the "Breviarium causae Nestorianorum et Eutychianorum " (composed before 566 by Liberatus, an archdeacon of Carthage), correcting many mistakes and adding notes and a dis- sertation on the Fifth Cieneral Council. In 1678 he wrote " Systema bibliothecfe collegii Parisiensis S. J.", a work considered very valuable for those arranging the books in a library. In 1680, he edited the " Liber diurnus Romanorum Pontificum" from an ancient manuscript, and added three essays: (1) " De indiculo scribenda; epistolse"; (2) "De ordinatione summi pontificis"; (3) " De usu pallii" (see Liber Diurnus). In the second essay he treats the case of Pope Hono- rius, whom he considers free of guilt. In 1642, Sir- mond had published in four volumes the works of Theodoret, Bishop of Cyrus (d. 455); Garnier added an " Auctarium", which, however, was not published until 1684. It consists of five essays: (1) "De ejus vita"; (2) "De librisTheodoreti"; (3) " De fide Theo- doreti"; (4) " De quinta synodo generali"; (5) "De Theodoreti et orientalium causa". In these he is rather severe on Theodoret and condemns him unde- servedly. Another posthumous work of Garnier's, "Tractatus de officiis confessarii erga singula poeniten- tium genera", was published at Paris in 1689.

HuRTBR, Nomenclator; Baumgartner in KiTchenlex., s. v. Francis Mershman.

Gamier, Jdlien, Jesuit missionary, b. at Connerai, France, 6 January, 1643; d. in Quebec, 17.30. He entered the Society of Jesus in 1660, and, in October,

1662, sailed for Canada. He was the first Jesuit to be ordained there, and after his ordination in 1668, he prepared himself for missionary work among the Indians. He went first to the Oneida, but within a few months changed the field of his labours to the Onondaga mission. Garaconthie, the Onondaga chief, received him with every evidence of friendship, and, at his request, rebuilt the chapel of St. Mary. So successful was his ministry among theOnondagas, that, on the arrival of other missionaries in 1671, Garnierset out with Father Fr^min for the Seneca country, where he found a bare handful of Christian Indians at the Gandachioragou mission. He immediately began to preach and baptize, and persevered in his work even after his chapel was destroyed by a fire which wiped out the entire village.

When trouble arose in 1683 between the French and the Senecas, Garnier went with de LambervUle to Governor de la Barre to urge compromise and moderation. He was unable, however, to dissuade the latter from his policy of repression, and de la Barre set out upon the ill-starred expedition which was to prevent priests from venturing among the northern tribes for over thirteen years, tvery missionary was recalled at the outbreak of hostilities and Garnier was sent in turn to the settlements of Lorette and Caughnawaga. His adventurous spirit, naturally, chafed under the inactivity of these more tranquil labours, and when access to the Indians was made possible by the Treaty of Montreal, in 1701, Father Garnier hastened back to his mission among the Senecas, where he remained till 1709, when Schuy- ler's expedition once more made it necessary for him to return to Canada. His departure marked the end of missionary work among the Senecas, and he passed his remaining years among the various settlements along the St. Lawrence, retiring from active life in 1728.

Both his extraordinary missionary zeal and the length of time over which his labours extended have marked Father Garnier as the Apostle of the Senecas. His intimacy with this tribe was much more close than that of any other of the early Jesuits, and the notes and letters he has left still remain one of the principal and most accurate sources of information on this division of the Iroquois.

Campbell. Pioneer Priests of North Amerka (New York, 19081; Jesuit Relations; Handbook of American Ethnology (Washington, 1907).

Stanley J. Quinn.

Garofalo. See Tisio.

Garrigan, Philip Joseph. See Sioux City, Dio- cese OF.

Garnicci, Raffaele, historian of Christian art, b. at Naples, 23 January, 1812; d. at Rome, 5 May, 1885. He belonged to a wealthy family, entered the Society of Jesus at the age of fifteen, and was pro- fessed on 19 March, 1853. He devoted himself to the study of the Christian Fathers, also to profane and Christian antiquities; both he and the celebrated De Rossi became the principal disciples of Father Marchi. On his many journeys through Italy, France, Ger- many, and Spain, he collected much valuable material for his arch.Tological publications. Tn 1854 he wrote for Father Cahier's " Melanges d'Arch(5oIogie" a study on Phrygian syncretism. Soon after he edited the notes of Jean L'Heureux on the Roman catacombs (in manu- script since 1605) ; later an essay on the gil led glasses of the catacombs (1S5S), and another on the Jewish cemetery at the Villa Randanini. In 1872 he began the publication of a monumental history of early Christian antiquities, entitled "Storia dell' arte cris- tiana ". It was destined to include all works of sculp- ture, painting, and the minor and industrial arts, dur- ing the first eight centuries of the Christian Era. It is, in fact, a general history of early Christian art, and contains five hundred finely engraved plates and ex-