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dained, and returned to England in January, 1583. After a year of labour, probably in the Midlands, he was arrested, and in l.'iSb sent into exile, with the knowledge that he woukl find no mercy if lie returned. Nevertheless he was soon back at work in the same neighbourhood. He was arrested by the infamous Topcliffe at Padley, the home of John Fitzherbert, a member of a family still surviving and still Catholic, the arrest being made through the treachery of a son of the house. Topcliffe obtained the house and lived there till he died in 1G04. With Garlick was arrested another priest, Robert Ludlani, or Ludham, who had, like Garlick, been at Oxford and had engaged in teach- ing before his ordination in May, 15S1. In Derby Gaol, a small and pestiferous prison, they found a third priest, Robert Sympson, who was of Garlick's college at Oxford. There he had taken Protestant orders, but was soon after reconciled to the Church, for which he suffered long imprisonment in York Castle. In this trial his faitfi had grown stronger, but having been ordained and passed through many la- bours, including exile, he was again in durance and in danger of his life, and this time he was wavering. Garlick and Ludlam cheered, reconciled, and com- forted their fellow-captive, and all three were tried and suffered together.

King, Life of N. Garlick (1904); Chali.oner. Missionary Priests (London, 1741), I, 203; Boase, Oxford Register, II, ii. 59; Foley, Records S.J. (London, 1877-83), III, 224-29.

J. H. Pollen.

Gameau, Fa.'VNfois-XAViER, a French Canadian historian, b. at Quebec, 15 June, 1809, of Frangois- Xavier Gameau and tiertrude Amiot; d. 2 February, 1866. After a short elementary course, he studied law, having succeeded by private effort in supplying the lack of classical instruction. He held the office of city clerk from 1844 till his death. In 1845 appeared the first volume of his " Ilistoire du Canada", an heroic venture, considering the restoration to France after the Conquest of nearly all the civil and military ar- chives. When, through Dr. O'Callaghan, the United States Government had secured copies of the corre- spondence of the French colonial governors, Garneau went to Albany to study these documents and gather materials for his future volumes, which appeared suc- cessively in 1846 and 1S4S, the third volume recording events as late as the Constitution of 1792. The work was favourably received by both English and French. A second edition includes the period from 1792 to the Union (1840). A third e<lition, 1859, had an English translation, which, however, is not reliable.

Garneau's history must be judged according to the spirit of his time. Its first pages were written shortly after the troubles of 1837 and 1838, at the dawn of the Union of the Canadas, which was the outcome and penalty of the Rebellion. The prospect was gloomy for Lower Canada, and a patriot like Garneau, howso- ever impartial, could not easily repress his feelings. More reprehensiljle are his opinions on certain points of doctrine, and his unjust criticism of church author- ity and influence. These may be explained by the nature of the books he had studied without proper guidance and the antidote of a sound philosophical training. These blemishes are not found in the last edition, revised at his request by a competent eccle- siastic. In fact, Garneau was ever a practical Catho- lic and died a most edifying death. The title of " na- tional historian" rightly lielongs to this pioneer in the field of Canadian history, who spent twenty-five years of patient research and patriotic devotedness on a work destined to draw the attontnon of Europe and the United States to the glori('s of liis country.

MOBGAN. ItMiothrca Cnn.vl.n, Min:,wa. 1867); Casgrain, (Euvres computes ((JiieliiT. Is,:;.; Cimivkad, Notice bwqra-

Shique di- F.-X. dammu ( \1miiI rr.il. lss:i); Gaonon, Esaui de Miourauhie (•anadienrw ((Jiii-lir-.-, isu:)), l'.)S-99.

Lionel Lindsay.

Garnet (Garnett), Henry, English martyr, b. 1553-4; d. 1606, son of Brian Garnet, Master of Not- tingham School. Henry was elected on 24 Aug., 1567, to a scholarship at Winchester School, then noted for its Catholic tendencies. He was, however, presum- ably a conformist until his twentieth year, when he courageously broke with all ties, retired abroad, and became a Jesuit in Rome 11 Sept., 1575. Here he enjoyed the company of Persons, Weston, Southwell, and many others, with whom in future he was to be so clo.sely allied, and made a brilliant university course uinler the celebrated professors of those days — Bellar- mine, Suarez, Clavius, etc. He subsequently taught for some time Hebrew and mathematics; a treatise on phy sics in his hand is still pre- served at Stony- hurst, and he had the honour, whilst Clavius was sick, of filling his chair. He was then sum- moned to Eng- land, where Fa- ther Weston was the only Jesuit out of prison, and he left Ronu-, 8 May, 1586, in company with Robert Soutli- well. Next year Weston himself was arrested, whereupon (i:n- net became supe- rior and remained in office till his death.

As an indica- tion of his prudent management it may be men- tioned, that under his care the Jesuits on the Eng- lish mission increased from one to forty, and that not a single letter of complaint, it is said, was sent to headquarters against him. Though he generally lived in London, the hotbed of persecution, neither he nor any of his subordinates, who often came to see him, were captured in his lodgings, though perilous adven- tures were numerous. He was a prolific correspondent, and his extant letters show him to have been in sym- pathetic touch with Catholics all over the country. He was also a generous distriljuter of alms, and sent to Rome relics and curiosities, amongst others the letters of Henry VIII to .•^nne Boleyn, now in the Vatican Library. He wrote a " Treatise of Christian Renun- ciation ", and he translated, or caused to be translated, Canisius's " Catechism ", to which he added interest- ing appendixes on " Pilgrimages", " Indulgences", etc. These books, now extremely rare, were perhaps secretly printed under his care in London. "A Treatise of Equivocation", believed to have been composed by Garnet, was edited by D. Jardine in 1851.

In 1595 and 1598, Garnet became involved in uni)lcas:iiit clerical troubles. Some thirty-three Eng- lish Cathcilio.-^, almost all priests, had been shut up in Wisbech Castle. Of this number eighteen, besides two Jesuits, Father Weston and Brother Pounde, desired in the winter of 1594-5 to separate them.selves from the rest and adopt a regular collegiate life. But it was impossible to do this without appearing at least to reflect unfavouraljly on those wlio did not care for the change. Furthermore, the nuiul)er of the latter was considerable, and the prison was so small that any division of cliambers and taljles was out of the ques- tion. The minority certainly had a right to protest, but they did .so in such a rough, unruly way, that they seemed to justify the separation, which was in fact

Henry Garnet Sketch of a portrait now lost. Stony- hurst College