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vols. (Ratisbon, 1862-1879), and his "Series episcopo- rum Ecclesia; catholicip quotquot innotuerunt a beato Petro apostolo" etc. (Knlishoii, lS7.'i-S('>, with two supplements). The "Kirclicnucscliiihtc von Spanien ' is a conscientiously:inclinetliiiclic:illy writlcn work, critical, also, to a certain extent, in dealing with the earliest period of Spanish ecclesiastical history, though the author rarely abandons the aid which unreliable sources .seem to furnish. The "Series episcoporum" has rendered useful service and is yet very helpful. It is a collection of the epi-scopal lists of all ancient and moilern sees known to the author. Gaps are frequent in the lists of ancient sees, especially those of the Eastern Church. It was, of course, im- possible to draw up a critical list (names and dates) for such remote times, and larger information must be sought in extensive documentary works, e. g. " Italia Sacra" and the like; as a rule, however, the author has ignored a number of scattered dissertations which would have rectified, on a multitude of points, his uncertain chronology. In 1850 Gams founded with his colleagues Alzog, F. W. Koch, Mattes, and G. J. Miiller a " Theologische Monatschrift", which lasted two years (1850-1851), and in which he published a number of essays.

Works: — "Geschichte der Kirche Jesu Christi im neunzehnten Jahrhunderte mit besonderer Riick- sicht auf Deutschland", 3 vols. (Innsbruck, 1854-1858); "Johannes der Taufer im Gefilngnisse" (Tubingen, 1853); "Die elfte Sacularfeier des Martyrertodes des heiligen Bonifacius", etc. (Mainz, 1855); "Die Kir- chengeschichte von Spanien", 3 vols., in five parts (Ratisbon, 1862-79); "Spanische Briefe" in "His- torisch-politische Blatter", LVI, 134 sq., 208 sq., 311 sq., 418 sq.; " Wetterleuchten auf der pyreniiischen Halbinsel, ibid., LVI, 67 sq.; "Series episcoporum Ecclesiae catholicie quotquot innotuerunt a beato Petro apostolo" (Ratisbon, 1873); Supp. I: "Hierar- chia catholica Pio IX Pontifice Romano" (Munich, 1879); Supp. II: "Series episcoporum Ecclesite qua series qua" apparuit 1873 completur et eontinuatur ab anno circa 1870 ad 20 Febr. 1885" (Ratisbon, 1886); " Das Jahre des Martyrtodes der Apostel Petrus und Paulus" (Ratisbon, 1867).

KoTTMAN.NER, Zu einem JubiUium in Hist.-polit. Blatter, CX (1892). 233-250; Lauchert. Die kirchengeschichllichen und ieitgeschichtlichen Arbeiten von P. P. B. Oams mit einer volls- tUndigen Bibliographie in Stud, und Mittheit. aus dem Benedict, und Cisterc. Orden (1904); Oams \ti AUgemeine Deutsche Biog- raphie. XLIX (1904). 249-52. H. LeCLERCQ.

Oand, Diocese of. See Ghent, Diocese of.

Gandolphy (or Gandolphi), Peter, Jesuit preacher; b. in London, 26 July, 1779; d. at East Sheen, Surrey, 9 July, 1821; son of John Vincent Gandolphi of East Sheen, and grandson of Count Pietro Gandolphi, of the ancient nobility of Genoa. Father Gandolphi's brother, John Vincent, married Teresa, eldest daughter of Thomas Hornyold, of Blaekmore and Hanley. His only son succeeded to the Blaekmore and Hanley estates and assumed the name of Hornyold by Royal license in 1859. Horny- old was an ancient Catholic family in Worcestershire, and Blaekmore Park (recently pulled down) was a fine example of an old English manor house, with numer- ous priests' hiding places. The present representa- tive of the family, .\lfonso Otto Gandolfi Hornyold, bears the title of Duke Gandolfi (a papal creation of 1899) as well as the old Genoese titles.

Father Gandolphy was educated in the Jesuit Col- lege at Liege, and also at Stonyhurst, where he was appointed as teacher of humanities in 1801. He was ordained priest about 1804, and his first charge was at Newport, Isle of Wight. He was then transferretl to the Spanish chapel at Manchester Square, London (now known as St. James's, Spanish Place), where he soon attained great fame as a preacher; and as a worker among Protestants he made many converts.

His methods, however, were somewhat infelicitous, and speedily incurred the censure of his ordinary, Bishop Poynter. It appears that he wrote too i:ipidly to be theologically exact, but there were cer- tainly no heretical principles in his mind. Neverthe- less, it seems strange to read of a Catholic manual entitled the " Book of Common Prayer .... for the use of all Christians in the United Kingdom" which he brought out in 1812. On account of this, and of his "Sermons in defence of the Ancient Faith", Bishop Poynter felt it his duty to suspend him and to ile- nounce the offending works. Ganilolphy went to Rome in person to defend himself, and in 1816 lie ol> tained official approbation of tiie two censured works from S. P. Damiani, master of theology and Apostolic penitentiary at St. Peter's, and F. J. O'Finan, prior of the Dominican convent of St. Si.xtus and St. Clement. The Congregation of Propaganda, being anxious for a peaceable settlement of this unfortunate affair, re- quired (1 March, 1817) that Gandolphy should be restored on his apologizing to Bisliop Poynter for any unintentional disrespect which ininht have occurred in his address to the public, of which aildress also the bishop had complained. On 15 April Gandolphy ac- cordingly wrote an apology, butthe bishop in a pastoral letter on 24 April stated that the apology was inade- quate, so at last on 8 July, Gandolphy made an unre- served apology; but this long drawn out public humiliation was too much for him. He resigned his post in 1818 and retired to his family home at East Sheen, where he died in a year or two. His principal works were: "A Defence of the Ancient Faith" (London, 1813-14); " Liturgy, or A Book of Common Prayer, and Administration dS Sacraments, with other Rites and Ceremonies of the Church. For the use of all Christians in the United Kingdom" (London, 1812; Birmingham, 1815); " Lessons of Morality and Piety, extracted from the Sapiental Books" (London, 1822); and a number of controversial letters and sermons.

De Backer, Bibl. des Ecrivains de la C. de J. (1S69). i, 2029; Gentleman's Magazine. LXXXIII, pt. II. 362; LXXXIV, pt. I, 470; XCI, pt. II, 185, 200; Gillow, Bibl. Did. Eng. Calh. s. v.; Cooper, in Diet. Nat. Biog. s. v.; Oliver, Collectanea S. J. Foley, Records, S. J., VII.

C. F. Wemyss Brown. Ganganelli, Lorenzo. See Clement XIV, Pope. Gang-Days. See Rogation Days. Gangra, a titular see in the province of Paphla- gonia; in the native tongue the word signifies goat, and even now large numbers of goats are seen in this region. It belonged originally to Galatia, and was then the capital of King Dejotarus, the adversary of Mithridates, and the friend of the Romans. Later the city became the metropolis of Paphlagonia. It never had more than five suffragan sees. Le Quien (I, 549- 554) mentions twenty-two of its archbishops from the fourth to the twelfth century, none of whom is espe- cially noteworthy. The metropolitan see must have been suppressed in the fourteenth century after the conquest of the country by the Turks. Captured by Tamerlane, in 1402, it was recaptured, in 1423, by Sultan Murad II; since that time it has always been Turkish. The most memorable event of its Christian history is the council held there, probably in 343, to condemn Eustathius of Armenia and his exaggerated asceticism. More than twenty canons of this council defend the legitimacy of Christian marriage against the indiscretions of Eustathius and especially of his disciples (Hefele-Leclercq, Histoire desconciles, Paris, 1907, I, (2), 1029-45). It is now known as Tchiangre, and is a sandjak of the vilayet of Castamouni. It is situated at the foot of Mt. Olgassus and numbers 16,- 000 inhabitants, 800 of whom are Greeks and 500 Armenians, all schismatics. The ancient cathedral of St. Demetrius has been converted into a mosque.

Texier, Asie-Mineure, 617; Cuinet, La Turquie d'Asie, IV, 550-53.

S. Vailhe.