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 GALLOWAT

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GALLWEY

Galloway, Diocese of (Gallovidiana), situated in the south-west of Scotland. It comprises the Counties of Dumfries, Kirkcudbright, and Wigtown, with about four-fifths of the County of Ayr, thus embracing a territory of 3347 square miles and a general popula- tion of 373,670, of which Catholics form only a small fraction. From an historical point of view, a singular interest attaclies to this diocese since it is certainly the most ancient ecclesiastical foundation in Scotland, its founder and first bishop, St. Ninian, being ' the farst authentic personage that meets us in the succession of Scottish missionaries" (Bellesheim) . This illustrious saint a Briton, born on the Solway shore, e<lucated at Rome and consecrated bishop by St. Siricius, founded his episcopal see at Whithorn and dedicated his cathe- dral to St. Martin of Tours, in 397; and, having evan- gelized the country as far north as the Grampian mountains, died about 432. The dates here given are on the authority of the majority of Scottish writers. „ ,„, ... „

The original title of the see was "^\hltherne (Quhitherne), latinized "Witerna" and (more fre- quentlv) " Candida Casa ", signifying the White House so called, St. Bede tells us, from the structure^ and appearance of the church erected by St. ^mlan ' m a style unusual among the Britons". At what precise date the territorial title of "Galloway" came into use is not quite clear. It is obviously improbable that the area of the diocese was at all defined in St. Ninian s time but from the eighth till the end of the SLxteenth century it was limited to the district of Galloway, i. e., the two Counties of Erkcudbright and Wigtown. The succession of bishops in this see was three times interrupted in the course of its history, for periods averaging three hundred years' duration each, the last Catholic bishop in the sixteenth century Andrew Durie, died in 1658, and the see was vacant three hun- dred and twenty years. , ., ,. ■ T VTIT It was restored, for the third time, by Leo Xlii in 187S, and the Right Rev. John McLachlan, D.D., Vicar-General of the Western Vicariate of Scotland, was appointed the first bishop. From the extent of territory it would be perhaps more accurately described as a new diocese, for it was formed out of two outlying portions of the former east- ern and western vicariates and has more than double the area it had at either previous restoration Ihe Catholic population, small in number and thinly dis- persed over the whole territory, belonged cliiefly to the poorer labouring class and, excepting the larger burghs, such as Ayr, Dumfries, and Kilmarnock, was very inadequately provided for in respect, of ordinary religious and educational needs. But the new bish9p was a man of great energy and zeal, with a wide mis- sionary and administrative experience, and in a com- paratively short time he not only thoroughly organized the diocese but also furnished it abundantly with churches, schools, presbj-teries, and an efficient clergy. While engaged in this great work he received generous encouragement and support from many of the wealth- ier members of his flock, e. g., the third Marquess of Bute- Rev. Sir David Oswald Hunter-Blair, Baronet; Captain R. D. Barre Cuninghame, and others. Bishop McLachlan died 16 Jan., 1893, and was succeeded by the Right Rev. William Turner, the present bishop ;b. at Aberdeen, 12 Dec, 1844; cons. 25 July, 1893. The diocesan statistics for 1908 show a Catholic population of 17,625 souls, 21 missions, 41 churches or chapels 30 priests in active work, 28 elementary schools, 10 religious communities (all since 1878), and various educational and charitable institutions. The diocese was a suffragan of York (England) previous to 1472; from that date until 1492 it was subject to bt. An- drews; and from then until the extinction ot the ancient hierarchy it was transferred to Glasgow, it is now a suffragan of the new Archbishopric ot St. Andrews and Edinburgh.

Bellesheim. Hist, of Calh. Church in Scottand (Edinbureh. 1890); Forbes, Lives of St. Ninian and St. Kentigern (Edin- burgh, 1874); Keith, Catalogue of ScoUuh Bishops (Edmhmsh. l824)-'VfAi-coTT.AncientChurch of Scotland (Edinburgh, 1»74), Skene. Celtic Scotland (Edinburgh, 1887) ;_ Maxwell, Dum- fries and Galloway (Edinburgh, 1896); KcK£ni.lB. Lands and Owners in Galloway (Paisley, 1906); The Cathohc Directory of Scotland for 1878 and 1908; The Cathohc Church of Scotland, Statistics (Glasgow, 1878). „„^„

William Turner.

Galluppi, Pasquale, philosopher, b. at Tropea, in Calabria, 2 April, 1770; d. at Naples, 13 Dec., 1846, where from 1831 he was a professor in the university. His principal works are " Saggio filosofico suUa critica della conoscenza umana", 4 vols; " Lettere sulle vicende della filosofia da Cartesio a Kant ; tle- menti di Filosofia " ; " Lezioni di Logica e Metafisica ; "Filosofia della volont^"; " Consideraziom filoso- fiche suU ' idealismo trascendentale ' '. Of his " Storia della Filisofia" he completed only the first volume. His philosophy is a mixture of assent to and dissent from Descartes, the French and English sensists, Kant, and the Scottish school of Reid. Cartesianism tem- pered by the modifications introduced into it by Leib- niz Wolf, and Genovesi, was the system in which Galluppi's mind was trained. The problem of human knowledge was his chief preoccupation. He main- tained the objective reality of our knowledge which he based on the testimony of consciousness, making us aware not only of our internal experience, but also ot the external causes to which it is due. This theory was aimed at Kant, though Galluppi agreed with him that space and time are a priori forms m the mind. Against the sensists, he denied that the mmd was merely passive or receptive, and held that like a builder it arranged and ordered the materials supplied it deducing therefrom new truths which sensation alone could never reach. He threw no light, however on the difference between sensory and intellectual knowledge. This was the great weakness of his argu- ment against the Scottish school, that the soul per- ceives not only its own affections or the qualities of bodies, but also its own substance and that of things outside itself. It was also natural that Galluppi should be foremost in attacking the theories of Ros- mini concerning the idea of God as the first object of our knowledge-, and it was this polemic (quiet enough in itself) which drew public attention to the Rovere- tan philosopher. _ ■■ ^ r. n „„;

The morality of our actions, according to Galluppi, depends on the notion of duty which springs from the very nature of man. He never made use of the phrase "categoric imperative", but everything goes to show that on that point he did not completely escape Kant s influence: and although he asserted as the two great moral commandments "Be just" and Be benefi- cent ", he none the less approved of Kant s moral principle. Hence we do not find m him any hint as to the connexion between the moral law and God beyond the statement that God must reward virtue and pun^h vice Against the Scottish school, on the other hand, he denied that morality depend.s on the feelings His theodicv is well within the limits of that of Leibniz, and therefore admits not only the possibility of revela- tion, but also the divinity of Christianity. The care and clearness of his style made his works very popu- lar; but when the Hegelianism of the Neapolitan school became the fashion in non-Catholic circk^s of thought, and Scholasticism regained its hold among Catholics, Galluppi's phUosophy cjuickly lo?t ground He always kept aloof from political questions and his works were planned and written m his own home, amidst the noise and bustle of a large and happy

^^Werner, Kant in Italien. 1880 (Naples, 1897). g^^^^^^j^

Gallwey, Peter; b. at Killarney, 13 Nov. 1820; d. in London, 23 Sept., 1906; one of the best-known