Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 6.djvu/41

 FAUSTINUS

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FAVERSHAM

results in historical science" (Revue des Deux Mondes, 15 Dec, 1853). The publication of the "Chants populaires de la Grcce moderne", text and translation (Paris, 1824-25), at a moment when Greece was struggling for her independence, made him known to the general public. In IS.SO a chair of foreign literature was created for him at the University of Paris. He studied specially the Southern literatures and Provengal poetry. His lectures were published after his death under the title of " Histoire de la poesie provengale" (3 vols., Paris, 1846). In order to study more deeply the origins of French civilization he wrote " Hi-stoiredelaGaule ni(5ridionale sous la domina- tion des conqudrants germains" (4 vols., Paris, 1836), only a part of a vaster work conceived by him. The merit of these works caused him to be elected (1836), to the Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres. He contributed also to the "Histoire Litteraire de la France", commenced by the Benedictines and taken up after the Revolution by the Institute of France. Having been named assistant curator of the MSS. of the Royal Library, he published an historical poem in Provencal verse (with a translation and introduction), dealing with the crusade against the Albigenses.

GuiGNlAUT, Notice hi^lorique sur la vie et les travaiix de M. C. Faiinel (Paris. 1S62); Ozanam, Discours sur Fauriel in Le Cor- respondant {Paris, 10 May, 1845); Sainte-Beuve in Revue des Deux Mondes (Paris, 15 May and 1 June, 1845).

Louis N. Delamarre.

Faustinus and Jovita, S.\ints and Martyrs, mem- bers of a noble family of Brescia; the elder brother, Faustinus, being a priest, the younger, a deacon. For their fearless preaching of the Gospel, they were arraigned before the Emperor Hadrian, who, first at Brescia, later at Rome and Naples, subjected them to frightful torments, after which they were beheaded at Brescia in the year 120, according to the BoUandists, though Allard (Histoire des Persecutions pendant les Deux Premiers Siecles, Paris, 1885) places the date as early as 118. The many "Acts" of these saints are chiefly of a legendary character. Fedele Savio, S.J., the most recent writer on the subject, calls in question nearly every fact related of them except their exists ence and martyrdom, which are too well attested by their inclusion in so many of the early martyrologies and their extraordinary cult in their native city, of which from time immemorial they have been the chief patrons. Rome, Bologna and Verona share with Brescia the possession of their relics. Their feast is celebrated on 15 Feb., the traditional date of their martyrdom.

Ada SS., V. 806; Savio, La Lfgendedes SS. Fauslin et Jovite in Ihe Analecta Bollandiana (Brussels, 1S96). XV, 5, 113, 377.

John F. X. Mdrphv.

Faustus of Milevis. See Manich.eans.

Paustus of Riez, BLshop of Riez (Rhegium) in Southern Gaul (Provence), the best known and most distinguished defentler of Semipelagianism, b. be- tween 405 and 410, and according to his contempo- raries, .A.vitusof VienneandSidoniusApoUinaris, in the island of Britain; d. between 490 and 495. Nothing, however, is known about his early life or his education. He is thought by some to have been a lawj'er but owing to theinfluenceof hismother,famedforhersanc- tity, he abandoned secular pursuits while still a young man and entered the monastery of Ldrins. Here he was soon ordained to the priesthood and because of his extraordinary piety was chosen (432) to be head of the monastery, in succession to Maximus who had become Bishop of Riez. His career as abbot lasted about twenty or twenty-five years dm'ing which he attained a high reputation for his wonderful gifts as an extem- pore preacher and for his stern asceticism. After the death of Maximus he became Bishop of Riez. This elevation did not make any change in his manner of life; he continued his ascetic practices, and frequently

returned to the monastery of Lerins to renew his fervour. He was a zealous advocate of monasticism and established many monasteries in his diocese. In spite of his activity in the discharge of his duties as bishop, he participated in all the theological discussions of his time and became known as a stern opponent of Arianism in all its forms. For this, and also, it is said, for his view, stated below, of the corporeity of the himian soul, he mcurred the enmity of Euric, King of the Visigoths, who had gained possession of a large portion of Southern Gaul, and was banished from his see. His e.xile lasted eight years, during which time he was aided by loyal friends. On the tleath of Euric he resumed his labours at the head of his diocese and continued there until his death. Throughout his life Faustus was an uncompromising adversary of Pela- gius, whom he styled Peslijer, and equally decided in his opposition to the doctrine of Predestination which he styled "erroneous, blasphemous, heathen, fatal- istic, and conducive to immorality". This doctrine in its most repulsive form had been expounded by a presbyter named Lucidus and was condemned by two synods, Aries and Lyons (475). At the request of the bishops who composed these synods, and especially Leontius of Aries, Faustus wrote a work, " Libri duo de Gratia Dei et humanae mentis libero arbitrio", in which he refuted not only the doctrines of the Predes- tinarians but also those of Pelagius (P. L., LVIII, 783). The work was marred, however, by its decided Semipelagianism, for several years was bitterly at- tacked, and was condemned by the SjTiod of Orange in 529 (Denzinger, Enchiridion, Freiburg, 1908, no. 174sqq.— oldno. 144;P. L., XLV, 1785;Mansi, VIII, 712). Besides this error, Faustus maintained that the human soul is in a certain sense corporeal, God alone being a pure spirit. The opposition to Faustus was not fully developed in his lifetime and he died with a well-merited reputation for sanctity. His own flock considered him a saint and erected a basilica in his honour. Faustus wrote also: "Libri duo de Spiritu Sancto" (P. L., LXII, 9), wrongly ascribed to the Roman deacon Paschasius. His " Libellus parvus ad- versus Arianos et Macedonianos", mentioned by Gen- nadius, seems to have perished. His correspondence (epistuUr) and sermons are best found in the new and excellent edition of the works of Faustus by Engel- brecht, "Fausti Reiensis prajter sermones pseudo- Eusebianos opera. Accedunt Ruricii Epistulte" in "Corpus Scrip, eccles. lat.", vol. XXI (Vienna, 1891). Koch. Der hi. Fau.'stus, Bischof von Riez (Stuttgart, 1895); WoRTER, Zur Dogmengeschichle des Semipelagianismus (Miins- ter, 1900). II; Bardenhewer (tr. Shahan), Patrology (Frei- burg and St. Louis, 1908), 600 sq. For his Sermons see Bero- mann, Studien zu einer kritischen Sichtung der siidgallischen PredigUiteratur des 5. und 6. Jahrhunderts (Leipzig, 1898), and MoRiN in Revue Benedictine (1892), IX, 49-61. Cf. also Caze- NOVE in Diet. Christ. Biog., a. v.

Patrick J. Healy.

Faversham Abbey, a former Benedictine monas- tery of the Cluniac Congregation situated in the County of Kent aljout nine miles west of Canterbury. It was founded about 1147 by King Stephen and his Queen Matilda. Clarimbald, the prior of Bermondsey, and twelve other monks of the same abbey were trans- ferred to Faversham to form the new community; Clarimbald was appointed abbot. It was dedicated to Our Saviour and endowed with the manor of Faver- sham. In the church, which was completed about 1251, Stephen and Matikla, the founders, were buried and also their eldest son Eustace, Earl of Boulogne. We read of chapels in the church dedicated to Our Lady and St. Anne. Henry II confirmed all grants and privileges conferred by Stephen, adding others to them, and all these wereagainconfirmed to themonks by Kings John andHenrylll. The abbots had their seat in Parliament and we find them in attendance at thirteen several parliaments during the reigns of Edward land Edward II, but on account of their reduced state and