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 GALLIOANISM

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GALLICANISM

the work possessed considerable value at the time, especially for the fullness of its lists and for the repro- duction of a large number of valuable manuscripts. The defects and omissions, however, were obvious. The Sainte-Marthe lirothers themselves announced in their preface the early appearance of a second edition corrected and enlarged. As early as IGliO the Jesuit Jean Colomb published at Lyons the " Noctes Blanca- landana-", which contained certain additions to the work of the Sammarthani, as the brothers and their successors are often called.

The edition promised by the Sainte-Marthe brothers did not appear. In 1710 the Assembly of the French Clergy offereil four thousand livres to Denys de Sainte- Marthe (1650-1725), a Benedictine of Saint-Maur re- nowned for his polemics against the Abbe de Ranc6 on the subject of monastic studies, on condition that he should bring the revision of the " Gallia Christiana" to a successful conclusion, that the first volume should appear at the end of four years, and that his congrega- tion should continue the undertaking after his death. In 1715 through his efforts the first volume appeared, devoted to the ecclesiastical provinces of Albi, Aix, Aries, Avignon, and Auch. In 1720 he produced the second volume, dealing with the provinces of Bourges and Bordeaux, and in 1725 the third, which treatetl of Cambrai, t'ologne, and Embrun. After his death the Benedictines issued the fourth volume (172S) on Lyons, and the fifth volume (1731), on Mechlin and Mainz. Between 1731 and 1740 on account of the controversies over the Bull " Unigenitus" Dom Felix Hodin and Dom Etienne Brice, who were preparing the later volumes of the "Gallia Christiana", were expelled from the Abbey of Saint-Germain-des- Pr^s. They returned to Paris in 1739 and issued the sixth volume, dealing with Narbonne, also (1744) the seventh and eighth volumes on Paris and its suffragan sees. Pere Duplessis united his efforts with theirs and the ninth and tenth volumes, both on the province of Reims, appeared in 1751. The eleventh volume (1759) dealing with the province of Rouen was issued by Pere Pierre Henri and Dom Jacques Taschereau. In 1770 the twelfth volume on the provinces of Sens and Tarentaise appeared, and in 1785 the thirteenth on the provinces of Toulouse and Trier. At the out- break of the Revolution four volumes were lacking. Tours, Besan^on, Utrecht, and Vienne. Barth^lemy Haurt-au published (1856, 1860, and 1865) for the provinces of Tours, Besangon, and Vienne, respec- tively, and according to the Benedictine method, the fourteenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth volumes of the "Gallia Christiana". The province of Utrecht alone has no place in this great collection, but this defect has been remciiied in part by the " Bullarium Trajec- tense", edited by Gisbert Brom and extending from the earliest times to 1378 (The Hague, 1891-96). The new " Gallia Christiana ", of which Volumes I to V and XI and XIII were reprinted by Dom Piolin between 1870 and 1S77, and Volumes VI to IX and XII by the publisher H. Welter, places after each metropolitan see its suffragan sees, and after each see the abbeys be- longing to it. The documents, instead of encumber- ing the body of the articles, are inserted at the foot of each column under the title " Instrumenta". This colossal work does great honour to the Benedictines and to the Sainte-Marthe family. "The name of Sainte-Marthe", wrote Voltaire, "is one of those of which the country has most reason to be proud."

In 1774 the Abb6 Hugues du Temps, vicar-gen- eral of Bordeaux, undertook in seven volumes an abridgment of the "Gallia", under the title "Le clerg^ de France", of which only four volumes appearetl. About I8G7 the .\bbe Fisquet undertook the publica- tion of an episcopal history of France ( La France Pon- tificale), in which for the early period he should utilize the "Gallia", at the same time bringing the hi.story of each diocese down to modern times. Twenty-two

volumes appeared and then the work ceased. Some years ago Canon Albanes projected a complete revi- sion of the "Gallia Christiana", each ecclesiastical province to form a volume. Albania, who was one of the first scholars to search the Lateran and Vatican libraries, in his efforts to determine the initial years of some episcopal reigns, found occasionally either the acts of election or the Bulls of provision. He hoped in this way to remove certain supposititious bishops who had been introduced to fill gaps in the catalogues, but died in 1897 before the first volume appeared. Through the use of his notes and the efforts of Canon Chevalier three additional volumes of this "Gallia Christiana (novissima)", treating Aries, Aix, and Marseilles, have appeared at Montbdliard since 1899.

Dredx du Radier, Bibliotheque historique et critique du Poilou (Paris, 1754); Gallia Christiana, Vol. IV, Preface; Gallia Christiana {novissima) (MontbiSliard. 1899). Preface to the Aix volume: DE LoNGUEMARE, Unc famille d'auteurs aux seizil;me, dix-septieme et dix~huitihne siicles; tes Sainte-Marthe (Paris, 1902).

Georges Goyau.

Gallicanism. — This term is used to designate a certain group of religious opinions for some time pecul- iar to the Cliurch of France, or Galilean Church, and the theological schools of that country. These opin- ions, in opposition to the ideas which were called in France " Ultramontane", tended chiefly to a restraint of the pope's authority in the (Ihurch in favour of that of the bishops ami the temporal ruler. It is important, however, to remark at the outset that the warmest and most accredited partisans of Galilean ideas by no means contested the pope's primacy in the Church, and never claimed for their ideas the force of articles of faith. They aimed only at making it clear that their way of regarding the authority of the pope seemed to them more in conformity with Holy Scrip- ture and tradition. At the same time, their theory did not, as they regarded it, transgress the limits of free opinions, which it is allowable for any theological school to choose for itself provided that the Catholic Symbol be duly accepted.

Gener.^l Notions. — Nothing can better serve the purpose of presenting an exposition at once exact and complete of the GaUican ideas than a smiimary of the famous Declaration of the Clergy of France of 1682. Here, for the first time, those ideas are organized into a system, and receive their oflicial and definitive formula. Stripped of the arguments which accom- pany it, the doctrine of the Declaration reduces to the following four articles : —

(1) St. Peter and the popes, his successors, and the Church itself have received dominion [puissartce] from God only over things spiritual and such as concern salvation, and not over things temporal and civil. Hence kings and sovereigns are not by God's com- mand subject to any ecclesiastical dominion in things temporal; they cannot be deposed, whether directly or indirectly, by the authority of the rulers of the Church : their subjects cannot be dispensed from that submission and obedience which they owe, or absolved from the oath of allegiance.

(2) The plenitude of authority in things spiritual, which belongs to the Holy See and the successors of St. Peter, in no wise affects the permanence and im- movable strength of the decrees of the Council of Constance contained in the fourth and fifth sessions of that coimcil, approved by the Holy See, confirmed by the practice of the whole Church and the Roman pontiff, and observed in all ages by the Galilean Church. That Church does not countenance the opinion of those who cast a slur on those decrees, or who lessen their force by saying that their authority is not well established, that they are not approved, or that they apply only to the period of the schism.

(3) The exercise of this Apostolic authority [puis-