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6ALLE

native priests, 10 catechists, 35 seminarists, 17 Fran- ciscan Sisters (Calais), and 12 Freres Gabri^listes (Bl. Louis-Marie Grignon de Montfort).

Massaia, I miei Irenlacingite anni di missione nelV alta Btio- pia (illustrated oil.. Milan. 18SS-95). XII; abrKlged ed., hi Abissinia e fra i Galli (Florence, 1895); de Salviac. Les Galla (Paris, 1901); Missianes Calholicw (Rome, 1907); Gentile, L'aposlolo dei Galli (Asti, 1907); Anakcla Ord. Cappuccinorum (1889), V, 291.

Andreas Jarosseau.

Gallagher, John. See Goulburn, Diocese of.

Gallagher, Nicholas A. See Galveston, Dio- cese OF.

Gallait, Louis, Flemish painter; born at Tournai, 10 May, ISIO; died in Brussels, 20 Nov., 1887. He produced melodramatic and sensational pictures, very much on the lines of those of Ary Scheffer, with a lean- ing towards the pathetic and emotional side. Gallait was, however, a more accomplished painter than Scheffer, with whom his works have frequently been compared. His colouring was superior, and his draw- ing more accurate, but the two men were possessed of similar devotional fervour, and poetic emotion of a sentimental type. Gallait was a youthful prodigy, and produced his first picture when ten years old, ob- taining an important local prize for it. One of his earliest performances was purchased by the municipal authorities of Tournai and pre.sented to the Cathedral, and it was owing to the generosity of his own towns- people that he was enabled in 1835 to go to Paris and study under Hennequin. He became a member of the Institute of France, and honorary foreign Royal Academician. Several of his pictures were exhibited in London in 1862, and three at the Royal Academy in 1872, when he was residing at 51 Bedford .Square. He painted in water-colours as well as in oil, and was made an honorary member of the Royal Institute.

Contemporary references in The Athenaeum and various art magazines of 1SS7 and 1892. See also Art Journal, April, 1866.

George Charles Williamson.

Galland, Antoine, French Orientalist and numis- matist, b. at Rollot, near Montdidier, in Picardy, 1646, d. at Paris, 1715. When he was four years old his father died leaving him in poverty, but through his diligence and industry he won protection which enabled him to pursue his studies at Noyon and later at Paris. He was already known as a scholar at the age of twenty-four, when de Nointel, the French am- bassador at Constantinople, took him to the East to study the faith of the Greeks, several articles of which were the subject of a controversy between Arnault and the Protestant minister Claude. In 1675 Galland accompanied Nointel to Jerusalem, and, in 1679 he was charged by Colbert, and, after his death by Lou- vois, with scientific researches in the Levant, with title of king's antiquary. He profited by these jour- neys to become familiar with modern Greek, and to learn Turkish, Persian, and Arabic. In 1701 he was admitted to the Academy of Inscriptions and Medals, and in 1709 he was appointed to the chair of Arabic at the College de France. We are indebted to him for numerous letters, notes, observations and remarks on the coins and inscriptions of Greek and Latin antiq- uity, many of which have been inserted in Banduri's "Bibliotheca nummaria". He collaborated in Her- belot's " Bibliotheque Orientale", which he brought to a conclusion after the death of its author. He is chiefly famous for his translation of the eastern tales, "The Arabian Nights" (Paris, 1704-08). ThLs graceful though inaccurate translation, the first which had ap- peared in Europe until that time, brought great fame to its author. At his death he left many manu- scripts, a number of which have been published, e. g. "Indian tales and fables of Pidpai and Lokman"; the "History of the princes of the line of Tamerlane", translated from the work of the Persian historian

Abdel-rezzac; "Ottoman History", translated from the Turkish of Naim Effendi; "History of Ghengis- Khan", from the Persian history of Nurkhoud; "Nu- mismatic Dictionary", etc.

MlcHAuD, Biographic universelle; de Boze, Histoire de VAcadhnie royale des Inscriptions et Belles-Letlres, depuis son etablissement, avec les eloges des Academiciens Tnorts depuis son renouvellement (Paris, 1740); Maury, Les academies d'autrefois; Vancienne academie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres (Paris, 1882).

A. Fournet.

Gallandi, Andrea, Oratorian and patristic scholar, b. at Venice, 7 December, 1709; d. there 12 January, 1779, or 1780. Gallandi was descended from an an- cient French family. He pursued his theological and historical studies under such excellent teachers as the two Dominicans, Daniello Concina, a renowned moral- ist, and Bernardo de Rossi (de Rubeis), a noted his- torical scholar and theologian. With both of these instructors he kept up a warm friendship after he had joined the Oratory of St. Philip Neri. He established his reputation as a scholar by compiling the still valu- able work of reference : " Bibliotheca veterum patrum antiquoruinque scriptorum ecclesiasticorum Gra>co- Latina" (Venice, 1765-81, 14 vols.; 2nd ed., 1788). The work was dedicated to the Venetian Senate, but Gallandi did not live to see its completion. It is a collection of 380 ecclesiastical writers of the first seven centuries; its special merit is that instead of compiling important works already accessible in print, Gallandi gathered together the smaller and less known writings. Greek originals were prmted in good type with Latin translations, and copious notes relative to the au- thors and their works were added. He also published a collection of the treatises of famous canonists (Cous- tant of Saint-Maur, the Ballerini, etc.) on the origin and development of canon law, which was entitled, " De vetustis canonum collectionibus dissertationum sylloge" (Venice, 1778, 1 vol. folio; Mainz, 1790, 2 vols.). At his death Gallandi left the following work which has ne\-er l.ieen piil)lished: "Thesaurus antiqui- tatis ecclesiastics historico-apologetico-criticus com- plectens SS. patrum gesta et scripta doctissimorum virorum dissertationibus asserta et illustrata ac juxta seriem XII sec. digesta".

HuRTER, Nomenclator, s. v.; Nouvelle biographic generale (Paris, 1858), XIX, 291.

Patricius Schlagbr.

Galle, Diocese of (Gallensis), in Ceylon, created by Leo XIII 25 Aug., 1893, by detaching two civil provinces, the Southern (2146 sq. miles) and Saba- ragamuwa (1901 sq. miles), from the Archdiocese of Colombo. The total population is about 900,000, of whom 10,160 are (1909) Catholics. Besides a few Europeans and burghers of mixed descent, the popula- tion includes Singalese, Moors, and Tamils. There is a still greater religious diversity: Sivites, Parsees, Mohammedans, Protestants of various denominations, mostly, however, Buddhists of the Southern type. For these reasons the conversion of the non-Catholic popu- lation is difhcult; the racial and religious differences affect seriously the instruction of the faithful, sparsely scattered over a large area. Leo XIII entrusted the new diocese to the Belgian Jesuits, and appointed as first bishop the Very Rev. Joseph Van Reeth, rector of the novitiate at Tronchiennes (Belgium). The bishop-elect (b. 6 Aug., 1843) was consecrated on 19 March, 1895, in Antwerp, his native town. Accom- panied by three priests and one lay brother, he took possession of his see 9 Nov., 1895, since when progress has been slow but steady. The clergy comprises 22 Jesuits and 5 secular priests (4 natives and 1 Euro- pean), residing in eleven centres, each having its church, mission-house, and school. The Catholic pop- ulation has been doubled. The number of confessions has risen from 6381 (1897) to 27,956 (1908), and that of Communions from 7196 to 48,000. In 1897 only