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GALATINO

such as Origen and St. Chrysostom, supposed that the matter was arranged beforehand between St. Peter and St. Paul. They agreed that St. Peter should with- draw and that St. Paul should publicly reprehend him, for the instruction of all. Hence St. Paul says that he mthstood him in appearance (Kara irpbaunrov). Otherwise, says St. Jerome, with what face could St. Paul, who became all things to all men, who became a Jew that he might gain the Jews, who circumcised Timothy, who shaved his head, and was ready to offer sacrifice at Jerusalem, blame St. Peter for acting in a similar manner? St. Augustine, laying stress on the words " when I saw that they walked not uprightly", etc., maintained that such an interpretation would be subversive of the truth of Holy Scripture. But against this it may be said that it is not so very clear that St. Peter was included in this sentence. The whole controvers}' can be read in the first vol. of the Venetian edition of St. Jerome's works, Epp., Ivi, Ixvii, civ, cv, cxii, cxv, cxvi.

(d) Apparent Discrepancies between the Epistle and Acts. — (1) St. Paul says that three years after his con- version (after having visited Arabia and returned to Damascus) he went up to Jerusalem (i, 17, 18). Acts states that after his baptism "he was with the disciples that were at Damascus, for some days" (ix, 19). He immediately began to preach in the synagogues (Lx, 20). He increased more in strength, and confounded the Jews (ix, 22). "And when many days were passed, the Jews consulted together to kill him" (ix, 23); he then escaped and went to Jerusalem. These accounts are not contradictory, as has been sometimes objected; but were written from different points of view and for different purposes. The time for the visit to Arabia may be placed between Acts, ix, 22 and 23; or between "some days" and "many days". St. Luke's " many days" {inxipai. iKcwai) may mean as much as three years. (See III Kings, ii, 38; so Paley, Lightfoot, Knowling, Lewin.) The adjective iKavds is a favourite one with St. Luke, and is used by him with great elasticity, but generally in the sense of largeness, e. g. " a widow: and a great multitude of the city" (Luke, vii, 12); "there met him a certain man who had a de\^l now a verij long time" (Luke, viii, 27) ; "a herd of many swine feeding" (Luke, viii, 32); "and he was abroad for a tonff time" (Luke, xx, 9); "for a long time, he had bewitched them" (Acts, viii, 11). See also Acts, xiv, 3, 21 (Gr. text); xviii, 18; xix, 19, 26; XX, 37. (2) We read in Acts, Lx, 27, that St. Barnabas took St. Paul "to the apostles". St. Paul states (Gal., i, 19) that on this occasion, besides St. Peter, "other of the apostles I saw none, saving James the brother of the Lord". Those who find a contra- diction here are hard to satisfy. St. Luke employs the word Apostles sometimes in a broader, sometimes in a narrower sense. Here it meant the Apostles who happened to be at Jerusalem (Peter and James), or the assembly over whith they presided. The objec- tion can be pressed with any force only against those who deny that St. James was an Apostle in any of the senses used by St. Luke (see Brethren of the Lord).

One of the best critical commentaries on Galatians is Cor- NELY, Commentarius in S. Pauli Epistolam ad Galatas in the Cursiis ScriptuTcB Sacra (Paris, 1892). Other useful Catholic commentaries are the well-known works of A Lapide, Estius, BispiNG, Palmieri, MacEvillt.

Patristic Literature: There are commentaries on the Epistle by Ambrosiaster, St. Augustine, St. Chrysostom, St. Jerome, Q^cumenius, Pelagius, Primasius, Theodoret, Theodore of Mopsuestia (a fragment), and Theophylact (all in Migne), and by St. Thomas Aquinas (many editions of St. Paul's Epistles).

Critical Editions in English: Lightfoot, Galatians (4th ed., London, 1874); Ramsay. Historical Commentary on Gala- tians (London, 1900); Rendall, Galatians in Expositor's Greek Test., in (London, 1003).

For North-Galatian Theory: Lightfoot (supra); Chase in Ezptmtnr, Dec, 1893, May, 1894; Findlay in Expository Times, VII; Cheetham in Classical Review, vol. Ill (London, 1894); SCHMIEDEL, Galatia in Encyr. liibl; Belser, Die SelbstverthHtliouns des heilioen Paulus (Freiburg. 1896); Stein-

Mann, Der Leserkreis des Galalerbriefes (Munster, 1908) con- tains a very full bibliography.

For Sooth-Galatian Theory: Ramsay in Expositor, Jan., Feb., Apr., Aug., 1894, July, 1895; Idem in Expusitury Times, VII; Idem, The Church in the Roman Empire (London, 190); Idem, iS(. Paul the Traveller (London, 1900); Idem, historical Commentary on Galatians (London, 1900); Idem in Hast., Diet, of the Bible; Knowling, Acts of the Apostles (additional note to ch. .xviii) in Expositor's Greek Test. (London, 1900); Rendall, op. cit. above; Idem in Expositor, Nov., 1893, Apr., 1894; Gifford in Expositor, July, 1894; Bacok 'm Expositor, 1S98, 1899; Woodhouse, Galatia in Encyc. Bibl.; Weber. Die Abfassung des Galalerbriefes von dem Aposlelkcmzil (Ratisbon, 1900); Idem, Die Adressaten des Galalerbriefes (Ratisbon, 1900); Idem, Das Datum des Galalerbriefes (Passau, 1900); Idem in Katholik (1898-99), Die theol.-prakl. Mmmtsschrift, and Die Zeitschrift fitr kath. Theologie.

C. Aheene.

Galatino, Pietro Colonna, Friar Minor, philoso- pher, theologian, Orientalist; b. at Galatia (now Ca- jazzo) in .\pulia; d. at Rome, .soon after 1539; received the habit as early as 1480, studied Oriental languages in Rome and was appointed lector at the convent of Ara Coeli; he also held the office of provincial in the province of Bari, and that of penitentiary under Leo X. Galatino wrote his chief work "De Arcanis Ca- tholicae Veritatis", at the request of the pope, the emperor, and other dignitaries, in 1516, at which time, owing mainly to John Reuchlin's " Augenspiegel", the famous controversy on the authority of the Jewish writings was assuming a very menacing aspect. Gala- tino took up Reuchlin's defence. Resolved to combat the Jews on their own ground, he turned the Cabbala against them, and sought to convince them that their own books yielded ample proof of the truth of the Christian religion, hence their opposition to it should be branded as obstinacy. He gave his work the form of a dialogue. The two conflicting Christian parties were represented by Capnio (Reuchlin) and the In- quisitor Hochstraten, O. P. In conciliatory terms, Galatino responded to the queries and suggestions of the former, and refuted the objections of the latter. He had borrowed largely from the "Pugio Fidei" of the Dominican Raymond Martini, remodelling, how- ever, the material and supplementing it with copious quotations from the "Zohar " and the ' 'Gale Razayya ".

In a long letter to Paul III (MS. Vat. Libr., cod. Ottob. Lat. 2366, fol. 30(D-30S) he vehemently de- fended himself and his party against the charge of having forged the last-named book, which he firmly held to be the work of " Rabbenu ha-Kadosh ". Gala- tino was aware, no less than his critics, that his " De Arcanis Cath. Ver. " had many shortcomings, both in matter and form, and he begged his readers to con- sider that he was compelled to finish it within the space of a year and a half. The work became very popular and ran through se\-eral editions. For the rest, Galatino's extensive knowledge and his thorough acquaintance with Greek, Hebrew, and Jewish Aramaic is fully borne out by his numerous other unpublished writings. In bold language he inveighs against the corruption among the clergy and discusses the ques- tion of reform. While engaged on his remarkable work " De Vera Theologia " his strength threatened to fail him by reason of his great age and infirmity, but, having taken a vow to defend in the course of this work the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin, he instantly, so he tells us, re- covered his strength and health (MSS. 52, 54, 60, St. Isidore's Coll.). In 1539, Paul III, in a special Bull, bequeathed Galatino's works, about thirty in number, to the convent of .\ra C(eli and enjoined that special care be taken of them. The MSS. are now preserved in various Roman archives.

Wadding, Annates. XVI (2nd ed., Rome. 1736), 447 sq.; Idem, Scriptores,ed. Nardecchia (Rome, 1906), 187 sqg.; Bar- TOLoccius, Biblioth. Mapn. Rabt). (Rome, 1675), passim; Im- BONATOS, Biblioth. Lat.-Hebr. (Rome, 1694), 193 sqq.; Wolf, Biblioth. Hehr. (Hamburg. 1715-33), I, III. IV, n. 1827; Cl^:- ment, Biblioth. Curieuse, IX(Leipzig. 1760), 26sqq.;TiRAB08CHl, Storia delta Lelterat. Ital., VII, pt. I (Rome, 1784), 344 sq.; Sbara- l.EA, .Supplement um (Rome, 1806), 594; Fabricius-Mansi,