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 GALATIANS

336

GALATIANS

of which the first sixteen are contained in the Decrelum of Gratian, and have become laws of the universal Church. The following is a summary of the most re- markable: bishops are prohibited from submitting to the deliberations of councils any private or temporal affairs, before having dealt with matters regarding discipline; clerics are forbidden to appeal to seculars in their disputes with bishops; excommunication is pronounced agauist bishops who solicit the protection of princes in order to obtain the episcopacy, or who cause forged decrees of election to be signed. The councU also declares itself forcibly against the mar- riages of Christians with Jews, marriages between relatives, and the misconduct of the clergy. In 541 Gal took part in the fourth Council of Orleans, which promulgated energetic decrees for the abolition of slavery, and in 549 in the fifth, which condemned the errors of Eutyches and Nestorius. His feast is cele- brated on 3 July.

The second St. Gal succeeded St. Caesarius; he was a man of great sanctity, and was one of the most emi- nent bishops in Gaul. Little, however, is known of his life. His feast is kept 1 November.

Gregory ofTodrs, Hist. Francorum, IV, 5, 6, 13; Branche, Vie lies saincts et sainctes d' Auvergne; Gallia Christiana, II, col. 237-40; Mosnier, Les saints d' Auvergne (Paris, 1898).

A. FOURNET.

Galatians, Epistle to the. — Galatia. — In the course of centuries, Gallic tribes, related to those that invaded Italy and sacked Rome, wandered east through niyricum and Pannonia. At length they penetrated through Macedonia (279 B. c), and assem- bled in great numbers under a prince entitled Brennus, for the purpose of invading Greece and plundering the rich temple of Delphi. The leaders disagreed and the host soon divided, one portion, under Brennus, march- ing south on Delphi; the other division, under Leon- onus and Luterius, turned eastward and overran Thrace, the country round Byzantium. Shortly after- wards they were joined by the small remnants of the army of Brennus, who was repulsed by the Greeks, and killed himself in despair. In 27S B. c, 20,000 Gauls, under Leonorius, Luterius, and fifteen other chieftains, crossed over to Asia Minor, in two divisions. On reuniting they assisted Nicomedes I, King of Bithy- nia, to defeat his younger brother; and as a reward for their services he gave them a large tract of country, in the heart of Asia Minor, henceforward to be known as Galatia. The Galatians consisted of three tribes; the Tolistoboii, on the west, with Pessinus as their chief town ; the Teetosages, in the centre, with their capital Ancyra; and the Trocmi, on the east, round their chief town Taviura. Each tribal territory was divided into four cantons or tetrarchies. Each of the twelve te- trarchs had under him a judge and a general. A coun- cil of the nation, consisting of the tetrarchs and three hundred senators, was periodically held at a place called Drynemeton, twenty miles south-west of An- cjTa. That these people were Gauls fand not Ger- mans as has sometimes been suggested) is proved by the testimony of Greek and Latin writers, by their retention of the Gallic language till the fifth centurj', and by their personal and place names. A tribe in the west of Gaul in the time of Caesar (Bell. Gall., VI, xxiv) was called Teetosages. In Tolistoboii we have the root of the word Toulouse, and in Boii the well- known Gallic tribe. Brennus probably meant prince ; and Strabo says he was called Prausus, which in Celtic means terrible. Luterius is the same as the Celtic Lucterius, and there was a British saint called Leon- orius. Other names of chieftains are of undoubted Gallic origin, e. g. Belgius, Achichorius, Ga>zato-Dias- tus, Brogoris (same root as Brogitarus, AUobroges), Bitovitus, Eposognatus (compare Caesar's Boduogna- tus, etc.), Combolomarus (Caesar has Virdomarus, Indutiomarus), Adiorix, Albiorix, Ateporix (like Caesar's Dumnorix, Ambiorix, Vercingetorix ), Brogi-

tarus, Deiotarus, etc. Place names are of a similar character, e. g. Drynemeton, the " temple of the oaks" or The Temple, from nemed, "temple" (compare Augustonemetum in Auvergne, and Vernemeton, "the great temple", near Bordeaux), Eccobriga, Roso- logiacum, Teutobodiacum, etc. (For a detailed dis- cussion of the question see Lightfoot's "Galatians", dis.sertation i, 4th ed., London, 1874, 235.)

As soon as these Gauls, or Galatians, had gained a firm footing in the country assigned to them, they be- gan to send out marauding expeditions in all direc- tions. They became the terror of their neighbours, and levied contributions on the whole of Asia Minor west of the Taurus. They fought with varying suc- cess against Antiochus, King of Syria, who was called Soter from his having saved his country from them. At length Attains I, King of Pergamuin, a friend of the Romans, drove them back and confined them to Galatia about 235-232 b. c. After this many of them became mercenary soldiers; and in the great battle of Magnesia, ISO B. c, a body of such Galatian troops fought against the Romans, on the side of Antiochus the Great, King of Syria. He was utterly defeated by the Romans, under Scipio Asiaticus, and lost 50,000 of his men. Next year the Consul Manilas entered Gala- tia, and defeated the Galatians in two battles graphi- cally described by Livy, XXXVIII, xvi. These events are referred to in I Mach., viii. On account of ill-treatment received at the hands of Mithradates I, King of Pontus, the Galatians took the side of Pompey in the Mithradatic wars (64 b. c). As a reward for their services, Deiotarus, their chief tetrarch, received the title of king, and his dominions were greatly ex- tentled. Henceforward the Galatians were under the protection of the Romans, and were involved in all the troubles of the civil wars that followed. They sup- ported Pompey against Julius Caesar at the battle of Pharsalia (48 B. c). Amyntas, their last king, was set up by Mark Antony, 39 B. c. His kingdom finally included not only Galatia Proper but also the great plains to the south, together with parts of Lyca- onia, Pamphylia, Pisidia, and Phrygia, i. e. the coun- try containing the towns Antioch, Iconium, Lystra and Derbe. Amyntas went to Actium, 31 B. c, to support Mark Antony; but like many others he went over, at the critical moment, to the side of Octavianus, after- wards called Augustus. Augustus confirmed him in his kingdom, which he retained until he was slain in ambush, 25 b. c. After the death of Amyntas, Augus- tus made this kingdom into the Roman province of Galatia, so that this province had been m existence more than 75 years when St. Paul wrote to the Gala- tians.

The North and the South Galatian Theories. — St. Paul addresses his letter to the churches of Galatia (Gal., i, 2), and calls them Galatians (Gal., iii, 1); and in I Cor., xvi, 1, he speaks of the collections which he ordered to be made in the churches of Gala- tia. But there are two theories as to the meaning of these terms. It Ls the opinion of Lipsius, Lightfoot, Davidson, Chase, Findlay, etc., that the Epistle was addressed to the people of Galatia Proper, situated in the centre of Asia Minor towards the north (North- Galatian Theory). Others, such as Renan, Perrot, Weizsiicker, Hausrath, Zahn, Pfleiderer, Gifford, Ren- dall, Holtzmann, Clemen, Ramsay, Cornely, Page, Knowlmg, etc., hold that it was addressed to the southern portion of the Roman province of Galatia, containing Pisidian Antioch, Iconium, Lystra, and Derbe, which were visited by Saints Paul and Barna- bas, during their first missionary journey (South- Galatian Theory). Lightfoot was the chief upholder of the North-Galatian theory; but a great deal has be- come known about the geography of Asia Minor since he wrote, more than fifty years ago, and the South- Galatian Theory has proportionately gained ground. A German Catholic professor, Steinmann (Der Lesep-