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 GAGARIN

334

GAHAN

established his residence. The See of Formioe, aban- doned since the end of the sixth century, was there- after united to that of Minturno (MinturnK). In 1818 Pius VII joined to (iacta the very ancient See of Fondi. It was once a suffragan of Capua, then directly subject to the pope. Pius IX raised it to archiepiscopal rank, without suffragans. Among its bishops of note were: Francesco Patrizio (1460), friend of Pius II, author of a work m nine books, " De Regno et De Institutione Regis", dedicatetl to Alfonso, Duke of Calabria; and Tonimaso de Vio, better known as the famous Cardi- nal Cajetan. The Archdiocese of Gaeta has now 42 parishes with 83,000 faithful, 3 monasteries for men, 9 convents for women, and 2 Catholic weekly papers. Cappelletti, Le Chiese d' Italia (1S70), XXI, 334-453; Ferraro, Memorie religiose e civili di Gaeta (Naples, 1903); Codex diplomalicus Cajetanus (Monte Cassino, 1887-91); Cas- TELMOLA, Memorie storiche della citta di Gaeta (Milan, 1879).

U. Benigni.

Gagarin, Ivan Sergejewitch, of the princely Russian family which traces its origin to the ancient rulers of Starodub, b. at Moscow, 1 Aug., 1814; d. at Paris, li) July, 1882. Ivan (Johannes) was the son of the Russian state-councillor. Prince Sergius Gagarin, and Barbara Pushkin. He entered the service of the state at an early age, and was first named attach^ to his uncle, Prince Gregory Gagarin, at Munich, on whose death, in 1837, he acted as secretary to the lega- tion at Vienna. He was afterwards transferred to the Russian embassy at Paris, where his services were requisitioned in a similar capacity. He frequented the salon of his near relation, Madame Sophie Swetch- ine, and was on terms of familiar intercourse with Ravignan, Lacordaire's successor in the pulpit of Notre-Dame. Probably this dual influence assisted in bringing about his conversion to Catholicism, in 1842. On 19 April of that year Gagarin made his profession of faith, and was received into the Church by Ravignan, thereby, according to Russian law, putting an end to his liiplomatic career, and forfeiting all riglits to his inheritance. In the latter half of 1843 he entered the Society of Jesus, and passed his noviti- ate at Saint-Acheul. He was afterwards employed in professorial work at Brugelettes, where he taught church history and philosophy, at the College of Vau- girard and the school of Ste-(jenevieve, and at Laval. He spent some time in Versailles and, in 1855, was back at Paris, from which date onward his pen was ever actively' employed in the interests of religion and learning. Gagarin's literary output was considerable ; many of his articles which appeared in current re- views and periodicals were afterwards collected and published in book form.

As a polemist Gagarin was thorough, and his work as a religious propagandist was of great importance. His grand object was to extinguish dissension and schism amongst the Slavonic peoples and win over Russia to the Church Universal. In conjunction with Fr. Daniel, Gagarin fotmded (185(5) the journal "Etudes de th('>ologie, de philosophic et d'histoire" (merged into "Etudes religieuses, historiques et lit- teraires", 1862); he re-established the "(Euvre de Prop, des Sts. Cyrille et Mfithode" (1858), to promote corporate union amongst the Churches; and contrib- uted to the "Contemporain", "Univers", "Ami de la Rehgion", "Precis historiques", "Correspondant", "Revue des questions historiques", etc. The "Poly- l^iblion" (Paris, 1882), another review in which articles appeared from the pen of Gagarin, exhibits (XXXV, ]0(i-18S) a long list of his writings. These include: "La question religieuse dans I'Orient" (1854); "La Russie .sera-t-elle catholique?" (Paris, 1856), tr. Ger- man (MUnster, 1857), and rendered into other lan- guages; "De I'Knseignement de la th(5ologie dans I'Eglise russe" (1856); "Un document in<;dit sur I'expulsion des .I(''suites de Moscou" (1857); "Les Staroveres, I'lOglise ru.sse et le Pape" (1857); "De la

Reunion de I'Eglise orientale avec I'Eglise romaine" (1860); "R^ponse d'un Russe a un Russe" (1860); "Tendences catholiques dans la society russe" (1860); "L'avenir de I'Eglise grecque unie" (1862); "La primautc de Saint-Pierre et les livres liturgiques de I'Eglise russe" (1863). Gagarin also spent several years in Constantinople, where he founded the Society of St. Dionysius the Areopagite, which aims at reunit- ing the Greek and Latin Churches. With this object, too, he published "L'Eghse roumaine", etc. (1865); "Constitution et situation pr^sente de toutes les Eglises de I'Orient" (Paris, 1865); "Les Eglises ori- entales unies" (1867), scholarly and comprehensive studies on the Oriental Churches. Amongst works of Gagarin's more mature years are: "Les hymnes de I'Eglise russe" (1868); and the very interesting and discursive "LeClerg6 Ru.sse" (newed. Brussels, 1871; tr. London, 1872). The latter is a collection, in book form, of a series of articles published in the "Etudes religieuses" imder the title "La reforme du clerg6 russe", an indictment of the encroachments of civil aggression on ecclesiastical right. The "M(^moires d'Archetti" [Paris, Brussels, 1872 — "Les Jfeuites de Russie" (1783-1785)]; and "Religion et Moeurs des Russes", edited by Gagarin (Paris, 1879), are further proofs of his great activity. Almost all the above were published at Paris. A portion of his works were re-issued by Briihl, in "Russische Studien zur Theo- logie und Geschichte" (Miinster, 1857); and by Hutt- ler, in "Kathohke Studien" (Augsburg, 1805). When the religious orders were expelled from France, Ga- garin went to Switzerland, but soon returned to Paris, where he died.

Streber in Kirchenlex., s. v.; Vapereau, Diet, des Con- temp., 6th ed. (Paris, 1893), s. v. Oagarine; UdSENTHAL, Con- vertilenbilder. III, ii, 194, sqq. .See also, for indication as to sources, author's preface to various worlds.

P. J. MacAuley.

Gagliardi, Achille, ascetic writer and spiritual director; b. at Padua, Italy, in 1537; d. at Modena, 6 July, 1007. After a brilliant career at the Llniver- sity of Padua he entered the Society of Jesus in 1559 with two brothers younger than himself. He taught philosophy at the Roman College, theology at Padua and Milan, and successfully directed several houses of his order in Northern Italy. He displayed indefatig- able zeal in preaching, giving retreats and directing congregations, and was held in great esteem as a theo- logian and spiritual guide by the Archbishop of Milan, St. Charles Borromeo, whom he accoinpanied on his pastoral visitations, and at whose request he published his popular handbook of religion, "Catechisnio della fede cattolica" (Milan, 1584). lie is the author of various works on asceticism and mysticism, some of them still imedited. Others were printed; shortly after his death, appeared the "Breve compendio intorno alia perfezione cristiana" (Brescia, 1611), which has been translated into five languages, and more re- cently the valuable "Commentarii in Exercitia spirit- ualia S. P. Ignatii de Loyola" (Bruges, 1882), in which he explains very lucidly the author's suggestions for distinguishing between the good and evil external influences or internal motives which inspire or con- trol human conduct.

RiBADENElRA, CaiatoQus seriptorum Soc. Jesu ; SoMMER- VOGEL, Bibl. dela C. de J., Ill, 1095.

Paul Debuchy.

Gahan, William, priest and author; b. 5 June, 1732, in the pari.sh of St. Nicholas, Dublin; d. there, 6 De- cember, 1S04. He entered on his novitiate in the Au- gu.stinian Order, 12 Sept., 1748 and made his solemn profession 18 Sept., 1749. Shortly afterwards he was sent to Louvain, where he cununcnccd his ecclesiasti- cal studies, 1 June, 1750. He was ordained priest 25 May, 1755, but remained some years longer in the tmiversity to obtain his degree of Doctor of Divinity. In 1701 he returned to Dublin, and the supply of