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 FATHERS

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FATHERS

there has been an increase of interest in these subjects of late years, both among Protestants and Catholics, in England and in the United States. Catholic France has lately been coming once more to the fore, and is very nearly level with Germany even in output. In the last fifty years, archaeology has added much to patristic studies; in this sphere the greatest name is that of De Rossi.

(2) The Study of the Fathers. — The helps to study, such as Patrologies, lexical information, literary his- tories, are mentioned below.

CoLLECTinxs: — The chief collections of the Fathers are the following: DE LA BiGNE, Bibliotheca SS. PP. (8 vols, fol.. Pans, 1575, anil .4pp., 1579; -tth ed., 10 vols., 1624, with Aurlanum,

2 vols., 1624, and Siippl., 1639, 5th and 6th edd., 17 vols, fol., 1644 and 1654); this great work is a supplement of over 200 writings to the editions till then published of the leathers; en- larged ed. by Univ. of Cologne (Cologne, 1618, 14 vols., and App., 1622); the Cologne ed. enlarged by 100 writings, in 27 folio vols. (Lyons, 1677). Combefis, Grceco-Latince Palrum Bibliothect£ novum Aitclarium (2 vols., Paris, 1648), and Auc- tarium novissimum (2 vols., Paris, 1672); D' Achkry, Vderum aliquot scriplorum Spicilegium (13 vols. 4to, Paris, 1655-7/, and

3 vols, fol., 1723), mostly of writings later than patristic period, as is also the case with Baluze, Miscellanea (7 vols. 8vo. Pans, 1678-1715); re-ed. by M.ansi (4 vols, fol., Lucca, 1761-1); Sir- MOND, Opera varia nunc primum collecta (5 vols. fol.. Pans, 1696, and Venice, 1728); Mcratori, ^necdo(a from the .\m- brosian Libr. at Milan (4 vols. 4to, Milan, 1697-S; Padua, 1713); Idem, Anecdola gmca (Padua, 1709); Ghabe, Spicile- gium of Fathers of the first and second centuries (Oxford, 1698- 9. 1700, and enlarged, 1714); Gallaxdi, Bibl. vet. PP.. an en- larged edition of the Lyons ed. of de la Eigne (14 vols, fol., Ven- ice. 1765-88, and index publ. at Bologna, 1863) — nearly all the contents are reprinted in Migne; OberthCr, SS. Patrum opera polemica de verilale religionis chrKl. c. Gent, et Jud. (21 vols. Svo, Wurzburg, 1777-94); Idem, Opera omnia SS. Palrum Latin- orum (13 vols., Wurzburg, 1789-91); Routh, Retiquice sacrce, second and third centuries (4 vols., Oxford, 1814-18; in 5 vols., 1846-8); Idem, Scriplorum eccl. opuscula praecipua (2 vols., Ox- ford, 1832, 3rd vol., 1S58): Mai, Scriplorum vderum nova colleclio (unpubl. matter from Vatican MSS.. 10 vols. 4to, 1825- 38); Idem, SpicUeqium Romanum (10 vols. Svo, Rome, 1839- 44); Idem, Nova Patrum Bibliotheca (7 vols. 4to, Rome, 1844- 54; vol. 8 completed by Cozza-Luzi, 1871, vol. 9 by Cozz.i- Luzi, 1888, App. ad opera ed. ab A. Maio, Rome, 1871, App. allera, 1871). A few eccl. writings in Mai's Classici aurlores (10 vols., Rome. 1828-38); Caillau, Colleclio selecta SS. Eccle- siiB Patrum (133 vols. sm. Svo, Paris, 1829-42); Gersdorf, Bibl. Palrum eccl. lat. selecla (13 vols., Leipzig, 1838-47); the Oxford Bibliotheca Palrum reached 10 vols. (Oxford, 1838-55); Pitra, Spicilegium Solesmen.se (4 vols. 4to, Paris, 1852-8). The number of these various collections, in addition to the works ot the great Fathers, made it ditEcult to obtain a com- plete set of patristic writings. Migne supplied the want by collecting almost all the foregoing (except the end of the last mentioned work, and Mai's later volumes) into his complete editions; Patrologice cursus comj)ldus, Series latina (to Innocent III, A. D. 1300, 221 vols. 4to, including four vols, of indexes, 1S44-55), Series grteco-lalina (to the Council of Florence. A. d. 11;;S-9, 161 vols. 4to, 1857-66, and another rare vol. of additions, 1866); the Series grcBca -was also published, in Latin only, in 81 vols.; there is no index in the ,Serzes ffriBca.- an alpha- betical list of contents by Scholarios (Athens, 1879, useful); other publications, not included in Migne, by Pitiu, are Juris ecclesiaslici Grmcorum hist, et monum. (2 vols., Rome. 1864-8); AnalecJa sacra (6 vols., numbered I, II, III, IV, VI, VIII, Paris, 1876-84); Analecta sacra et clas-iica (Paris, 1888); Analecla naviisima, medieval (2 vols., 18S5-S): the new edition of Latin Fathers is called Corpus scriplorum ecclesiasticorum lalinorum, editum consitio et impensis Academice litlerarum Ccesarete Vindo- bnnensis (Vienna, 1866, Svo, in progress); and of the Greek Fathers: Die griechischen christlichen Schriflsteller der erslen drei Jahrhunderlen. herausgegeben von der Kirchenvaler-Kommis- sion der Kunigl. preussischen Akad. der Wiss. (Berlin, 1897, large Svo, in progress). Of the Monumenla GermanuE historica, one portion, the Auclores antiquissimi (Berlin, 1877-98), con- tains works of the sixth century which connect themselves with patrology. Smalt modern collections are Hurter, 5S. Patrum opuscula sdecta, with a few good notes (Innsbruck, 1st series, 48 vols., 1868-85, 2nd series, 6 vols., 1884-92) — these little books have been deservedly popular; KrCger, Sammlung ausge- wohlter kirchen- und dogmengeschichtlicher Quellenschriflen (Freiburg. 1891 — ); Rauschen, Florilegium palrislicum,_ of first and second centuries (3 fasc, Bonn. 1904-5); Cambridge patristic lexis (I, The Five Theol. Oral, of Greg. A'az., ed. Mason, 1899; II, The Calech. Or. of Greg. Nyssen., ed. Srawley. 1903; Diony.'iius Alex., ed. Feltre, 1904, in progress); VlzziNl. Bibl. SS. PP. Theologiw tironihus d universe clero accomodala (Rome. 1901 — in progress); Lietzmann, Kleine Texte. filr theol. Vor- Icsungen und Uebungen (twenty-five numbers have appeared of about 16 pp. each, Bonn, 1902 — in progress); an English ed. of the same (Cambridge, 1903 — ); Textes el documents pour Vt'tude historique du christianisme, ed. Hemmer and Lejay (texts, French tr., and notes, Paris, in progress — an admirable series).

Initia; — For Greek and Latin writers up to Eusebius. the index to Har.nack, Ge.'ich. der altchr. Lilt., I: for the Latin writers of first six centuries, Aumers, Initia librorum PP. lat. VI.— 2

(Vienna, 1865); and up to 1200, \'atasso. Inilia PP. alu>- rumque scriplorum eccl. lot. (2 vols.. Vatican press, 1906-S).

Literary Histories: — The first is Bellarmine.Dc Srripfori- bus ecclesia.iticis (Rome, 1613, often reprinted; with additions by Labbe, Paris. 1660, and by Oudin, Paris, 16S6); Dv Pin, Bihliolhiqueuniverseile des auteurs cedes. (61 vols. Svo, or 19 vols. 4to, Paris. 1686, etc.); this was severely criticized by the Bene- dictine Petitdidier and by the Oratorian Simon (CrUique de la Bibl. des auteurs eccl. publ. par M. E. Dupin, Paris, 1730), and Du Pin's work was put on the Index in 1757; Fabricius, Biblio- theca Grceca, sive nolilia Scriplorum vderum Grtecorum (Ham- burg, 1705-28, 14 vols.; new ed. by Harles, Hamburg, 1790- 1809, 12 vols., embraces not quite 11 vols, of the original ed.; index to this ed., Leipzig. 1S3S) — this great work is really a vast collection of materials; Fabricius w.-is a Protestant (d. 1736); he made a smaller collection of the Latin lit. hist., Bibl. Latina, sive not. scr. vdl. lull. (1697, 1708, 1712, etc., ed. by Ernesti, 3 vols., Leipzig, 1773-4), and a continuation for the Middle Ages (1734-6, 5 vols.); the whole was re-edited by Mansi (6 vols., Padua, 1754, and Florence, 1858-9); Le NouRRY, Apparatus ad Bibliolh. Max. vdl. Pair. (2 vols, fol., Paris, 1703-15), deals with Greek Fathers ot the second century and with Latin apologists; Ceillier, Husl. gi-ncrale des auteurs sacres d ecclcs. (from Moses to 1248, 23 vols., Paris, 1729-63; rofc/eflcn. des A/a(., by Rondet, Paris, 1782; newed. 16 vols., Paris, 1858-69); Schram, Analysis Operum SS, PP. d Scriplorum eccles. (Vienna, 1780-96, 18 vols., a valuable work); Lumper, Hist. Theologico-critica de vita scriplis atque doctrina SS. PP. d scr, eccl, trium primorum scec. (Vienna, 1783-99, 13 vols.; a compilation, but good); the Anglican Cave published a fine work, Scriplorum eccl. historia lileraria (London, 16SS; best ed., Oxford, 1740-3); Ocdin. a Premonstratensian, who became a Protestant, Commcnlarius de Scnploribus eccl. (founded on Bellarmine, 3 vols, fol., Leipzig, 1722). On the editions of the Latin Fathers, Schoenemann, Bibliotheca his- lorico-lilteraria Patrum Laiinorum a Tert. ad Greg. M. d Isid. Hisp. (2 vols., Leipzig, 1792-4)., . ,x

Patrologies (smaller works): — Gerhard, Palrologia (Jena, 1653); HuLSEMANN, Patrologia (Leipzig, 1670); Olearius, Abacus Palrologicus (Jena, 1673); these are old-fashioned Protestant books. German Catholic works are: Goldwitzer, Bibliographic der Kirchenvater und Kirchenlehrer (Landshut, 1828); Idem, Patrologie verbunden mi Patrislik (Nuremberg, 1833-1); the older distinction in Germany between patrology, the knowledge of the Fathers and their use, and patristic, the science of the theology of the Fathers, is now somewhat anti- quated; BussE, Grundriss der chr. Lit. (.Munster, 1828-9); MoHLER, Patrologie, an important posthumous work of this great man, giving the first three centuries (Ratisbon, 1840); Permaneder, Bibliotheca patrislica (2 vols., Landshut. 1841- 4); Febsler, Instilulimes Palrolngim (Innsbruck, 1851), a new ed. by Jusgmasn is most valuable (Innsbruck, 1890-6); Alzog, Grundriss der Patrologie (Freiburg im Br., 1866 and 18SS): same in French by Belet (Paris, 1867); Nirschl, Ilandbuch der Patrologie und Patrislik (Mainz, 1881-5); RESB.iNYAY, Com- pendium Patrologim d Palrvsticas (Funfkirchen in Hungary, 1894); Carvajal, Inslituliones Patrologice (Ovicdo, 1906); Bardenhewer. Patrologie (Freiburg im Br.. 1894; new ed. 1901) — this is at present by far the best handbook; the author is a professor in the Cath. theo. faculty of the Univ. of Munich; a French tr. by Godet and Verschaffel, Les Pires de VEglise (3 vols., Paris.iS99); an Italian tr. by A. .Mercati (Rome. 1903); and an English tr. with the bibliography brought up to date, by Shahan (Freiburg im Br. and St. Louis, 1908); smaller works, insufficient for advanced students, but excellent for ordinary purposes, are: Schmid, Grundlinien der Patrologie (1879; 4th ed.. Freiburg im Br., 1895); an Engl. tr. revised by Schobel (Freiburg, 1900); Swete of Cambridge, Palrtstic Study (Lon- don. 1902). ^ ., . ,

Histories of the Fathers: — It is unnecessary to catalogue here all the general histories of the Church, large and small, from Baronius onwards; it will be sufficient to give some of those which deal specially with the Fathers and with ecclesias- tical Uterature. The first and chief is the incomparable work of "Tillemont, Memoires pour sen-ir a I'histoire eccl. des six premiers siicles (Paris, 1693-1712, 16 vols., and other editions); SIarechal, Concordance des SS, Peres de VEglise, Grecs d La- tins, a harmony of their theology (2 vols.. Paris. 1739): B.\hr, Die christlich-romische Litleratur (4th vol. of Gesch, der rom- ischen Lill., Karisruhe, 1837; a new ed. of the first portion, 1872); SCHANZ, Gesch. der rom. Lilt.. Part III (Munich. 1896), 117-324; Ebert, Gesch. der christlich-laleinischen Liu. (Leipzig, 1874- 2nd ed.. 1889); Ancimnes liUeratures chreliennes (in Bi- bliothique de C enseignement de Vhisl. eccl. Paris): I; Batiffol, ia W(< rod/re (7rcc9MC, a useful sketch (4th ed., 1908), II; Duval, La littcrature syriaque (3rd ed.. 1908); Leclercq, L Afrique chrelienne (in same Bibl. de I'ens. de Vh. eccl.. 2nd ed.. Pans, 1904): Idem, UEspagnecJirelienne (Glided.. 1906); B.vtiffol. L'eglise naissanle et te Calholicisme. a fine apologetic account of the development of the Church, from the witness of the I athers of the first three centuries (Paris. 1909): of general histories the best is Duchesne. Hist, ancienne de VEghse (2 vols, have ap- peared, Paris, 1906-7); finally, the first place is being taken among histories of the Fathers by a work to be completed in six volumes. Bardenhewer. Geschichte der allkirchluJten Litleratur (I, to A. D. 200, Freiburg im Br., 1902; II. to a. d 300. 19031. The following are Protestant: Newman, The Church of the Fathers (London, 1840, etc.); Donaldson. A critical history of Christian lit. . . . to the Nicene Council: I; The Apostolic Fathers. II and III; The Apologists (London, 1864-6--unsym- pathetic); Bright, The Age of the Fathers (2 vols.. London, 1903); ZocKLER, Gesch. der theologvschen Lut. IPatrwtili) (Nordlingen, 1889); Cruttwell, A Literary History of Early