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 FATHERS

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FATHERb

des six premiers siecles" (16 vols., 1693) have never been superseded or equalled. Otlier historians are Cardinal H. Noris (1631-1704); Natalis Alexander (1639-1725), a Dominican; Fleury (in French, 1690- 1719). To these must be added the Protestant Arch- bishop Usslier of Dublin (15S0-1656), and many canonists, such as Van Espen, Du Pm, La Marca, and Christianus Lupus. The Oratorian Thomassin wrote on Christian antiquities (1619-95); the English Bing- ham composed a great work on the same subject (1708- 22). Holstein (1596-1661), a convert from Protestants ism, was librarian at the Vatican, and published col- lections of documents. The Oratorian J. Morin (1597- 1659) published a famous work on the history of Holy orders, and a confused one on that of penance. The chief patristic theologian among English Protestants is Bishop Bull, who wrote a reply to Petavius's views on the develo[iment of dogma, entitled " Defensio fidei Nicajnaj" (1685). The Greek Leo Allatius (1586- 1669), custos of the Vatican Library, was almost a second Bessarion. He wrote on dogma and on the ecclesiastical books of the Greeks. A century later the Maronite J. S. Assemani (1687-1768) published amongst other works a "Bibliotheca Orientalis" and an edition of Ephrem Syrus. His nephew edited an immense collection of liturgies. The chief liturgiolo- gist of the seventeenth centurv Ls the Blessed Cardinal Tommasi, a Theatine (1649-1713, beatified 1803), the tyjie of a sauitly savant.

The great Benedictines form a group by them- selves, for (apart from Dom Calmet, a Biblical scholar, and Dom Ceillier, who belonged to the Congregation of St-Vannes) all were of the Congregation of St- Maur, the learned men of which were drafted into the Abbey of St-Germain-des-Prds at Paris. Dom Luc d'Achery (1605-85) is the founder ("Spicilegium", 13 vols.) ; Dom Mabillon (1032-1707) is the greatest name, but he was mainly occupied with the early Middle Ages. Bernard de Slontfaucon (1055-1741) has almost equal fame (Athanasius, Ilexapla of Origen, Chrys- ostom, Antiquities, Palaeography). Dom Constant (1054-1721) was the principal collaborator, it seems, in the great edition of St. Augustine (1079-1700; also letters of the Popes, Hilarv). Dom Garet (Cassiodo- rus, 1679), Du Friche (St Ambrose, 1686-90), Martia- nay (St. Jerome, 1693-1706, less successful), Delarue (Origen, 1733-59), Maran (with Tout^e, Cyril of Jeru- salem, 1720; alone, the Apologists, 1742; Gregory Nazianzen, unfinished), Massuet (Irenajus, 1710), Ste- Marthe (Gregory the Great, 1705), Julien Gamier (St. Basil, 1721-2), llumart (Acta Martyrumsincera, 1689, Victor Vitensis, 1694, and Gregory of Tours and Frede- gar, 1699), are all well-known names. The works of Martone (1654-1739) on ecclesiastical and monastic rites (1090 and 1700-2) and his collections of anecdota (1700, 1717, and 1724-33) are most voluminous; he was assisted by Durand. The great historical works of the Benedictines of St^Maur need not be mentioned here, but Dom Sabatier's edition of the Old Latin Bible, and the new editions of Du Gauge's glossaries must be noted. For the great editors of collections of councils see under the names mentioned in the bibliography of the article on Codncils.

In the eighteenth century may be noted Arch- bishop Potter (1674-1747, Clement of Alexandria). At Rome Arevalo (Isidore of Seville, 1797-1803); Gallandi, a Venetian Oratorian (Bibliotheca vete- rum Patrum, 1765-81). The Veronese scholars form a remarkable group. The historian Maffei (for our purpose his "anecdota of Cassiodorus" are to be noted, 1702), Vallarsi (St. Jerome, 1734-42, a great work, and Rufinus, 1745), the brothers Ballerini (St. Zeno, 1739; St. Leo, 1753-7, a most remarkaljle production), not to speak of Bian- chini, who published codices of the Old Latin Gospels, and the Dominican Mansi, Archbishop of Lucca, who re-edited Baronius, Fabricius, Thomassinus, Baluze,

etc., as well as the "Collectio Amplissima" of councsla. A general conspectus shows us the Jesuits taking the lead c. 1590-1650, and the Benedictines working about 1680-1750. The French are always in the first place. There are some sparse names of eminence in Protestant England; a few in Germany; Italy takes the lead in the second half of the eighteenth century. The great literary histories of Bellarmine, Fabricius, Du Pin, Cave, Oudin, Schram, Liunper, Ziegelbauer, and Schoenemann will be found below in the biblio- graphy. The first half of the nineteenth century was singularly barren of patristic study; nevertheless there were marks of the commencement of the new era in which Germany takes the lead. The second half of the nineteenth was exceptionally and increas- ingly prolific. _ It is impossible to enumerate the chief editors and critics. New matter was povired forth by Cardinal Mai (1782-1854) and Cardmal Pitra (1812- 89), both prefects of the Vatican Library. Inedita in such quantities seem to be foimd no more, but isolated discoveries have come frequently and still come; Eastern libraries, such as those of Mount Athos and Patmos, Constantinople, and Jerusalem, and Mount Sinai, have yielded imknown treasures, while the Syriac, Coptic, Armenian, etc., have supplied many losses supposeti to be irrecoverable. The sands of Egypt have given something, but not much, to patrology.

The greatest boon in the way of editing has been the two great patrologies of the Abb6 Migne (1800-75). This energetic man put the works of all the Greek and Latin Fathers within easy reach by the "Patrologia Latina" (222 vols., including 4 vols, of indexes) and the "Patrologia Graeca" (161 vols). The Ateliers Catholiques which he founded produced wood-carv- ing, pictures, organs, etc., but printing was the special work. The workshops were destroyed by a disas- trous fire in 1868, and the recommencement of the work was made impossible by the Franco-German war. The "Monumenta Germaniic", begun by the Berlin librarian Pertz, was continued with vigour under the most celebrated scholar of the century, Theodor Jlommsen. Small collections of patristic works are catalogued below. A new edition of the Latin Fathers was undertaken in the sixties by the Academy of Vienna. The volumes published up till now have been uniformly creditable works which call up no particular enthusiasm. At the present rate of pro- gress some centuries will be needed for the great work. The Berlin Academy has commenced a more motlest task, the re-editing of the Greek Ante-Nicene writers, and the energy of Adolf Harnack is ensuring rapid publication and real success. The same indefatigable student, with von Gcbhardt, edits a series of "Texte vmd LTntersuchungen", which have for a part of their object to be the organ of the Berlin editors of the Fathers. The series contains many valuable studies, with much that would hardly have been published in other countries.

The Cambridge series of "Texts and Studies" is younger and proceeds more slowly, but keeps at a rather higher level. There should be mentioned also the Italian "Studii e Testi", in which Mercati and Pio Franchi de' Cavalieri collaborate. In England, in spite of the slight revival of interest in patristic studies caused by the Oxford Movement, the amount of work has not been great. For learning perhaps Newman is really first in the theological questions. As critics the Cambridge School, Westcott, Hort, and above all Lightfoot, are second to none. But the amount edited has been very small, and the excellent "Dictionary of Christian Biography" is the only great work published. Until 1898 "there was abso- lutely no organ for patristic studies, and the "Jour- nal of Theological Studios" founded in that year would have found it difficult to survive financially without the help of the Oxford University Press. But