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 FULLERTON

318

FUNCHAL

523, the exiles were permitted to return, and Fulgen- tius, although only a deacon, soon gained a position of great importance in the African Church. He was frequently consulted in regard to the complex theo- logical problems of the time and was known as one of the most redoubtable champions of orthodoxy in Western Christendom. His works are mostly of a doctrinal character. He defended the Trinitarian doc- trines against the Arians and dealt besides with the question of the two natures in Christ, with baptism, and with the Eucharist. He drew up a " Breviatio Canonura Ecclesiasticorum " in which he summarized in two hundred and thirty-two canons the teaching of the earliest councils, Nicaea, Laodicea, Sardica, etc., concerning the manner of life of bishops, priests, dea- cons and other ecclesiastics, and of the conduct to be observed towards Jews, heathens and heretics. He also wTote at the request of the Comes Reginus (who was probably military governor of North Africa) a, treatise on the Christian rule of life for soldiers, in which he laid down seven rules which he explained and inculcated, and in which he gave evidence of his piety and practical wisdom. Through no desire of his own, he was forced to take an active part in the controversy Ijrought about through the condemnation of the " Three Chapters " by the Emperor Justinian. At the request of Pope Vigilius the Roman deacons Pelagius and Anatolius submitted the questions involved in the emperor's censure of the works of Theodore of Mop- suestia, Theodoret of Cyrus, and Ibas of Edessa, to their Carthaginian confrere, requesting him at the same time to lay the matter before the African bish- ops. Ferrandus at once declared himself in the most emphatic manner against yielding to the schemes of the emperor (Ep. vi, ad Pelagium et Anatolium dia- conos). His decision met with the approval of Ras- ticus, Archbishop of Carthage, and was subsequently ratified by the council of African bishops over which Rusticus presided, and in which it was agreed to sever all relations with Pope Vigilius. Ferrandus died shortly after this event and before the Council of Con- stantinople was convened. (For his works see P. L., LXVH.)

AuDOLLENT, Carthage Romaine (Paris. 1901), .555 sqq.. 743 sqq.: Maassen, Gesch. d. Qudlen und Lilt, des kanon. Rechts (Graz. 1870). I. 799-802; BARnENHEWEH, Patrology, tr. Shahan (Freiburg im Br.; St. Louis, 1908). 618.

Patrick J. Healy.

FuUerton, Lady Georgiana Charlotte, novelist, b. 2.3 September, 1812, in Staffordshire; d. 19 January, 1885, at Bournemouth. She was the youngest daugh- ter of Lord CJranville Leveson Cower (afterwards first Earl Granville) and Lady Harriet Elizabeth Caven- dish, second daughter of the fifth Duke of Devonshire. She was chiefly brought up in Paris, her father having been appointed English ambassador there when she was twelve years old. Her mother, a member of the Anglican Church, was a woman of deep religious feel- ing and Lady Georgiana was trained to devotion. In 18.33 she married in Paris an attach^ of the embassy, Alexander George Fullerton, who was of good Irish birth and had previously been in the Guards. In 1841, when Lord Granville retired from the embassy, Lady Georgiana and her husband travelled for some time in France, Germany, and Italy. Two years later, Mr. Fullerton was received into the Church, after long and thoughtful study of the religious questions involved in this step. In 1844 his wife published her first book, " Ellen Middleton", a tragic novel, of some power and .showing markedly "High Anglican" religious views, so that Lord Brougham pronounced it " rank Popery ' '. It was well received, and was criticized by Mr. Glad- .stone in "The English Review". Two years after, in 1846, the author placed herself under the instruction of FatherBrownhill,S. J., and was received by him into the Church on Pas.sion Sunday. In 1847 she published her second book, " Grantley Manor ' ', which is largely a

study of character, and is usually considered an ad- vance, from a literary point of view, upon the first. There was then a pause in her published work, which was continued, inlS52, with the story of "Lady Bird". In 1855 her only son died, a loss she never quite recov- ered from, and henceforth she devoted herself to works of charity. In 1856 she joined the Third Order of St. Francis. She and her husband eventually settled in London and her literary work became a large part of her life. She not only wrote novels, but a good deal of biography, some poetry, and made translations from French and Italian. AH her books have distinction and charm. Some of her chief works are: " Ellen Mid- dleton" (London, 1884); " Cirantley Manor " (London, 1854); "Lady Bird" (London, 1865); "La Comtesse de Bonneval", written in French (Paris, 1857); the same translated into Engli.sh (London, 1858); "Laur- entia", a tale of Japan (London, 1904); "Constance Sherwood" (Edinburgh and London, 1908); "Seven Stories" (London, 1896).

Lee in Did. Nat. Biog., s. v.; Craven, Lady G. Fullerton, sa vie et ses miivres (Paris, 1888), English version by Coleridge (London, 1888); Yonge, Wormn Novelist.^ of Queen Victorians Reign (London, 1897); The Inner Life of Lady G. Fullerton (London, 1899).

Kate M. Warren. Fullo (The Fuller). See Peter Fullo.

Fumo, Bartolommeo, theologian, b. at Villon near Piacenza; d. 1545. At an early age he entered the Dominican Order and made great progress in all the ecclesiastical sciences, but especially in canon law. He was distinguished as an inquisitor at Piacenza, but is best known for his work, "Sumnia casuum con- scientia;, aurea armilla dicta". This work, which was dedicated to Bishop Catelan of Piacenza, went through many editions, the two most important and best known being those of Antwerp (1591) and Lyons (1594). It was held in high esteem by all the canon- ists of the time, especially because it contained, in brief and compendious form, a digest of all similar explanations since the thirteenth century. In one or two places, by a series of clear and clean cut sentences, he refutes all the errors of probabilism. The author- ship of the work has been disputed by one or two, but without reason. He is also the author of " Expositio compendiosa in epistolas Pauli et canonicas", and a book entitled, "Poemata qufedam". His first work, " Philothea, opus immortalis animi dignitatem con- tinens", was dedicated to Catalan before he became bishop.

QuETiF and Echard, ScTipt. O. p., II, 123; Scherer in Kirchenlcx., s. v.

H. J. Smith.

Funchal, Diocese of (Funchalen.9is), in the Ma- deira Islands. Both in neo-Latin and in Portuguese the name of the town signifies "fennel" (Lat. faenicu- larium). Madeira, the Purpuraria of the Romans, situated in the extreme west of the ancient world, about 440 miles from the coast of j\Iorocco, was dis- covered in 1344 by the famous Bristol lovers {Amanles dc Bristol), Anna Dorset and Robert O'Machin; later it was abandoned. In 1419 Joan Gonzales and Tris- tan Vaz took possession of the island. In 1445 were first planted the vines (brought from Crete) that have since rendered Madeira so famous. The Christian in- habitants were subject at first to the Bishop of Tan- gier, until Leo X (16 June, 1514) made Funchal an episcopal see. In the interest of the vast territories in Africa and Asia then subject to Portugal, Clement VII (S July, 1539) raised Funchal to archiepiscopal rank, and gave it for suffragans Angra, Cabo Verde, Goa, and Santo Thom^. In 1551, however, it was reduced to simple episcopal rank, and in 1570 was made a suf- fragan of Lisl)on, which it is to the present.

Funchal is dclis^htfuUy situated on the south side of theMadcira Islands, and was therefore the first halting place for Portuguese and Spanish ships on their way to