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with the year 1573, made renewed attempts and laboured with such success that in 1610 the numerous missionary houses were united with those of Cuba in a custody, which two years later was elevated to the rank of province under the title Santa Helena de la Florida. It was the first organization of its kind in America north of Mexico. Juan de Copila was chosen first provincial. In 16.34 there were reported 35 friars in charge of 44 Indian missions and mission stations, around which gathered as many as 30,000 converted Indians. This result was not achieved without much hardship and loss of life. Five of the Fathers were killed at their post by the savages, and one was held as a slave. In 1646 there were fifty friars scattered all over Florida. In 1702 and 1704 Governor Moore of the English Protestant colony of Georgia fell upon the flourishuig missions, destroyed the buildings, killed or scattered the converts, or carried them into slavery, and butchered seven of the devoted missionaries m such a horrible manner that the historian John Gil- mary Shea exclaims: "The martyrdom of the Fran- ciscans of Ayubale has no parallel m our annals, except in the deaths of Fathers Br^beuf, Lalemant, Daniel, and Garnier in the Huron country; but the butcheries perpetrated there were not enacted before the very eyes and by the order of the governor of a Christian (?) colony." In 1763 Spain ceded Florida to England to recover Havana. The destruction of the Indian mis- sions, which " under the rule of the Franciscans had been the diadem of the Church in Florida", as Shea declares, and the subsequent cession of the territory to the hostile English, forced the Franciscans to leave the country along with most of the Spanish colonists. A few reappeared later, but no permanent settlement was again established. Their principal monastery in the city of St. Augustine had been confiscated, and is now a United States Government barracks. .The last friar seems to have resided in Florida about the year 1795. These missionaries are also noted for the fact that one of their number, Francisco Pareja, in 1612 published a catechism in the language of the Timu- quanan Indians. A " Confesario" by him was printed in the next year; a grammar in the Indian tongue fol- lowed in 1614, and an abridgment of Christian doc- trine in 1627, the first books printed in the language of North American Indians, with the exception of Fr. Zumdrraga's Compendium mentioned above.

In 16S5 three French Franciscans and three Sulpi- cians accompanied Robert de la Salle into Texas as the first missionaries; the friars came exclusively for the Indians. With the exception of Father Athana- sius Douay, the Rev. Cavalier, and a few of the men who escaped to Canada, all the members of this expe- dition were massacred, and the buildings destroyed. In 16S9 the Spanish Franciscan Damian Mazanet ar- rived with a guard of soldiers. In the course of time a large number of missions were established on the Gulf coast, in the region of San Sabd, and notably on the Rfo San Antonio, but the War of Mexican Independ- ence put an end to these establishments. The most noted among the friars were Antonio Margil, declared Venerable by Pope Gregory XVI, in 1836, and Isidro Espinoza, the author of the "Cronica Serilfica y Apos- tolica", the standard work on the missions of Texas. Altogether about 160 Fathers and lay brothers toiled among the Texans under the most disheartening cir- cumstances down to the beginning of the nineteenth century. Six of the friars were killed by the savages, and six are said to have perished in prairie fires. Since then the mission buildings have been deserted or turned to the use of parishes, and the Indian converts have disajipcared.

Fatiier ^Iarcos de Niza, the same who founded the missions of Peru, discovered the territories of Arizona and New Mexico in the very heart of the continent in ISIi'.t, eiglity-eight years before any English settle- ment was made on the sea-coast. One year later the

same Father, in company with Fathers Juan de Pa- dilla, Juan de la Cruz, and Brother Luis de Escalona, led Francisco Vdsquez de Coronado to Zufii and to the Rio Cirande del Norte near the present city of Santa Fe. When Coronado and his soldiers, disgusted at not finding the precious metal in quest of which they had come, abandoned the country in 1542, Padilla, La Cruz, and Escalona remained behind and established missions near Bernalillo and Pecos. Father Padilla after some success proceeded to the north-east and was killed by savages, possibly on the banks of the Platte River. Father Juan de la Cruz and Brother Escalona were murdered at the instigation of medicine men. Two Fathers and Brother Rodriguez re-entered New Mexico from the south in 15S1 only to obtain the crown of martyrdom at the hands of some Pueblo In- dians near Bernalillo. It was Brother Rodriguez who gave to the territory the name of New Mexico. At the end of the sixteenth century concerted efforts on the part of the Franciscans protected by military guards resulted in numerous missions all over the ter- ritory and in northern Arizona among the Moquis. At most of these places the Fathers conducted schools for the Indian boys. During the revolt of August, 1680, sixteen Franciscans were massacred at their post in New Mexico and four others were put to death by the Indians of northern Arizona. Twelve years later other friars of the same province of the Holy Gos- pel, Mexico, succeeded in restoring most of the de- stroyed missions, but not till six of their number had been martyred l)y the treacherous savages. In all thirty-eight of the friars were killed for the Faith in New Mexico and northern Arizona. Three others were lost and probably suffered the same fate. From 1539 to about 1840 upwards of three hundred Fran- ciscans laboured among the Indians in that territory. In October, 1897, at the request of the Most Rev. Peter Bourgade, the Cincinnati province accepted missions in New Mexico, and at present these Fathers are sta- tioned among the Navaho Indians, among the Puel>- los at Cochiti, Santo Domingo, San Felipe, and Jenies. In addition they have charge of parishes at Pena Blanca, Carlsbad, and Roswell. In southern Arizona the Fathers of the missionary college of Santa Cruz, Quer^taro, took charge of the Indian missions after the expulsion of the Jesuits in 1767. In 1780 the fa- mous Father Francisco Garces with three companions founded two missions near the mouth of the Gila River on the California side of the Rio Colorado; but all four were horribly butchered by the savages in July, 1781. Other friars, however, continued the missions among the Papago below Tucson, and towards the close of the eighteenth century erected the beautiful church at Del Bac which still commands the admiration of travellers. When Mexico won independence, the leaders, who hated the religious and more particularly the Fran- ciscans, insisted on the expulsion of those of Spanish birth, and thus wrecked the missions, as nearly all the missionaries were Spaniards. The Franciscan prov- ince of St. Louis towards the close of 1895 agreed to the urgent appeal of the Right Rev. Peter Bourgade, Vicar Apostolic of Arizona, and accepted the parish in the city of Phoenix with all the surrounding missions among the Pima and other Arizona tribes. They con- duct a large and flourishing school on a reservation near the Salt River.

California after the secularization (see California Missions) retained most of the Fathers until their death. The missions fell into ruins or later came into the hands of the secular clergy. In 1840 the first Bishop of the two Californias was appointed in the person of the Franciscan Garcia Diego y Morena. In 1884 only the mission of Santa Barbara was still in charge of the friars who conducted a college there. To prevent the community from dying out it was incor- porated into the province of the Sacred Heart of St. Louis. Since then the houses and friars have niulti-