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 FREIBURG

2G9

FREJUS

drawn up for the higher educational institutions of her dominions, was introduced into Freiburg, in 1767, and at first met with much opposition. Although this action of the university led to the withdrawal of many of its ancient privileges (e.g. its governmental inde- pendence), it paved the way for a more intimate con- nexion between the university and the government, and from this period dates the adoption of a more reasonable attitude by both parties.

The transference of Further Austrian Breisgau to the House of Ziihringen by the Peace of Pressburg (1805) seemed to menace greatl}^ the position of Freiburg, since the new inconsiderable State of Baden possessed already in Heidelberg an older and more famous uni- versity. Thanks to the zealous efforts of the pro- fessors and town of F"reiburg, however, their univer- sity was retained, and in 1807 the elector himself ac- cepted the office of rector. Since then, the sovereign has always been the "rector magnificentissimus" of the university, and confirms the annual election by the ordinary professors of the pro-rector to exercise the office of rectorship in his name. In 1816 the univer- sity was again threatened with dissolution, but the danger was obviated principally through the influence of Karl von Rotteck. The independence of the imi- versity was, however,, seriously curtailed, antl the curriculum reformed after the motlol of Heidelberg, for which purpose the revenue, which had fallen veiy low, was increased by an annual State grant amount- ing at first to ir),000 gulden. The attendance varied between 270 and 320 students. In 1818 the univer- sity sent one representative to the newly-created diet, at which von Rotteck, the historian, was its deputy for many years. In consequence of the opposition be- tween the professors and the town, the university was closed in 1832 for a short period, of which the govern- ment took advantage to recognize the previous repub- lican constitutions on a more oligarchical basis. The retention or rehnquishment of the university was also the subject of debate; indeed, for thirty years the danger of dissolution lay ever threatening. The Revo- lution occasioned a brief closing of the university in May, 1849. In 1857 the solemn celebration of its 400th anniversary was held in the presence of the sovereign. The efforts of the Catholic party to restore to the university its initial purely Catholic character by securing for the archbishop, not alone a deciding voice in the appointment of theological professors, but also a certain right of supervision over the other faculties, were rendered ineffectual through the rejection of the concordat between Rome and the government by the Diet of Baden in 1859. Since then the Catholic characteristics of the university both in its professors and in its students, who are recruited mainly from North Germany, have become gradually impaired. When, after the establishment of the German Empire, a new university was founded in Strasburg, a serious decay of Freiburg was anticipated. Fortunately these forebodings proved to be groundless, since, while the number of students in 1872 was only 272 — a figure which does not exceed the attendance during the first, century of the universitv's existence — it exceeded 1000 in 1885, 1500 in 1898, 2000 in 1904, and 2600 in lOOS. thus placing Freiburg fifth in the hst of German universities as regards attendance.

Of the many scholars, who shed a lustre on the name of Freiliurg at the close of the eighteenth and during the nineteenth centuries, the following (excluding tho.se still living) may be mentioned; the theologians Engelbert Kliipfel, Johann Leonhard Hug, Heinrich Schreiber, historian of the town and University of Freiburg, Alban Stolz, the renowned popular author, and l'>anz Xa\'er Kraus, who wrote on the history of the ( 'hurch and of fine arts; the jurists Jodocus Riegger, Johann Caspar Ruef; the statesman Joseph Buss, Gustav Rimielin, who for many years represented the university in the first diet; the philologists and philos-

ophers, Johann Georg Jacobi and Anton Baumstark; the physicians and scientists, Alexander Ecker, Adolf Kussmaul, Alfred Hegar, Anton de Bary.

The University of Freiburg at present contains four faculties: that of Cathohc theology, that of law and political science, that of medicine, and that of philoso- phy, the last-mentioned being subdivided into philo- logical — historical and mathematico-physical. At the beginning of 1909, the teaching staff consisted of 140 lecturers: 11 theologians, 16 jurists and political economists, 50 physicians, 43 in the first division of the philosophical faculty and 30 in the second. In the siunmer term of 1908 Freiburg was attended by over 2600 students, and in the winter term (1908-09) by 1966 matriculated (including 67 women) and 153 private students. Of the sixty institutions connected with the imiversity the most important are the large medical infirmaries (surgical, gynaecological, psjxhiat- rical, optical) and general clinical hospitals; the physi- cal, geological, botanical, and zoological institutes; the academical reading-rooms. The university library contains 300,000 volumes, a large number of which belonged to the old cloister-libraries, and 700 manu- scripts. The majority of the institutes possess excel- lent special libraries. The property of the university consists partly of invested capital to the value of 1 ,300,- 000 marks (about 300,000 dollars), and partly of imre- munerative capital (e. g. the university buildings, etc.) to the value of 2,800,000 or, allowing for certain outstanding liabilities, 2,.3S0,00 marks. According to the buiiget of 1908-09, its income was 1,075.300 marks, of which 958,500 was paid by the state. The expenditure, which equalled the income, was as follows: 475,000 marks for salaries of regular pro- fessors and officials; 132,200 for the extraordinary staff; 335,900 for the different institutions, and the remainder for sundry expenses.

A complete list of the literature dealing with the university is contained in Erman and Horn. Bihliographie der deutschen Vniversiltiten II (Leipzig, 1904), 19.5-213. The most impor- tant works are: Riegger, Aiialerta academice FrihuToensia (Frei- burg, 1774 and 1779); Idem. Imapines. Sipilla atque nonnuUa alia mnnuw.ula Acndemuv Fr,hi,n:eiis,.i (Freiburg, 1778); SCHRIHKI,, '/' .hnh!' j' I:.,hrn; I'lnrtTsitdt (3 vols,,

Freibur" [- . mi / ' . ' • ' ■!■, .' w/ .s-^i7 dem Regier- unsaiiln' • I I M I II . 1S81); Pfister,

Dieliiiiin ,-■-,: l./i/.,-, ',. / ,,, ,. ,',' /r, ,V,ur(7 (Freiburg. 1881); Maieh, Dir Umr,Ts,l,il Frrihuni ii,i fir. in der ersten Halite rJes 19 Jahrhunderis (3 parts. Bodti, ISIIJ!II); Kunig in Freiburger Dv.cesan-Archin., vols. XXI, XXII. XXIV, and XXVII; Kaufmann, Geschirhte <ler deidsrk.n!i,ir,rsilal,-n, II (Stuttgart, 1895); Mayer, Die Matrikel der Unirersitot Frei- burg im Br. von 1460-1856, I (Freiburg, 1907); Baumgarten, Freiburg im Breisgau in Die deutachen Hochschuleii, I (Berlin, 1907).

Joseph Lins.

Freiburg (S^vitzerland), University of. See Fribourg, University of.

Freising. See Munich.

Frejus (Forum Julii), Diocese of, suffragan of Aix, comprises the whole department of Var (France). It was suppressed by the Concordat of 1801, re- established by that of 1817, and definitively estab- lished in 182.3. The arrondissement of Grasse, which until 1860 belonged to the department of Var, when it was annexed to that of the Alpes-Maritimes, was, in 1886, separated from the Diocese of Frejus and attached to that of Nice. A Brief of 1852 authorized the bishop to assume the title of Bishop of Frejus and Toulon. The present diocese comprises the territory of the ancient Diocese of Frejus as well as that of the ancient Diocese of Toulon.

I. Frejus. — Christianity would seem to have been introduced into Frejus in the time of Emperor Con- stantine. History relates that in 374 a certain Accep- tus falsely declared himself guilty of some crimes in order to rid himself of the episcopal dignity, and that the Council of Valencia besought the Church to name another in his stead. The following are named among the bishops of this see: St. Leontius (419-433),