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the Josephist matrimonial legislation), the education and pastoral duties of the clergy, appointments to ecclesiastical benefices, and the adniinistratimi and employment of church property. Furtlifniiore, it compelled the clergy, monasteries, and confraternities to contribute to the support of higher and elementary education and charitable institutions. The Hohen- zoUern princes, however, were well disposed towards the Church, hence these pretensions of the civil power were enforced much less rigorously in their principali- ties than in the Baden .section of the archdiocese and other parts of the ecclesiastical province of the Upper Rhine.

The innovations of Wessenberg (Vicar-General of the Diocese of Constance, and, until 1827, acknowl- edged as such by both HohenzoUern and Baden gov- ernments, despite the protests of the pope) affected the liturgy, processions, pilgrimages, confraternities, the number of holidays of obligation, and mcluded the introduction of the German language into the Mass and also the so-called liturgical confession and com- munion. To the credit of the HohenzoUern princes, it must be said that they hindered rather than promoted these innovations, which are so alien from the true spirit of the Church. In various other ways, also, these princes were helpful to the interests of the Church. They assisted the ecclesiastical authorities to bring up a moral and zealous clergj', regulated by decrees the observance of Sunday, strove in miion with the Church to suppress immorality, made a strong stand against the pietistic movement which originated in the Haigerloch deanery, and opposed the spread of the rationalistic book entitled "Stunden der Andacht" (Hours of Devotion). They also bound the clergy to give catechetical instruction regularly in the schools. In general, however, though no violence was used to enforce the principles of Josephinism, the activity of the Church was in many ways restricted and paralyzed ; her property rights, above all, were greatly interfered with. The wrongs committed in this respect were so great that the clergy, most of whom had been brought up in the principles of Febronianism and Josephinism, and many of whom favoured the abolition of the breviary and of celibacy, presented an unavailing petition to the government in 1831 for gentler treat- ment.

The situation became more favourable, when in 1849 these two principalities were by treaty annexed to Prussia under King Frederick William IV. Thanks to the king's friendly disposition towards the Church and the untiring efforts of Archbishop Hermann von Vicari, the Catholics of HohenzoUern soon secured the same liberties as those then allowed to the Prussian Catholics. The Church was permitted to erect mon- asteries, and to re-establish fraternities. Missions were again held, pUgrimages became more popular and a general revival of religious life took place. Unfor- tunately the Kulturkampf (q. v.), though originating in Prussia, was also felt in HohenzoUern, now part of the Prussian Kingdom, although the so-called May Laws and other persecuting enactments were not enforced there so strictly as in Prussia proper. The Benedictine monastery at Beuron, the Jesuit novitiate at Gorheim near Sigmaringen, and the Franciscan convent at Stetten near Hechingen were suppressed; the teaching sisters, the Sisters of Christian Charity, and the Sisters of the Holy Cross (Ingenbohl) were expelled. It was forbidden to appoint or install any more parish priests, curates, etc. Two temporary rec- tors of churches, appointed in spite of this prohiliition, were imprisoned, and Lothar von Kubel, after Vicari's death administrator of the archdiocese for 14 years, was hea\Tly fined for appointing priests to vacant parishes. Most of the clergy were deprived of the right of local school-inspection, but, in virtue of an old law (1809), were permitted to give religious instruc- tion. At the close of the Kulturkampf, better relations

were developed between Church and State, and con- tinue in general to the present day.

For hilili'iiri.iplu ^re Kienitz and Wagner. Litteratur der L(t7t'l' ■"'!<! V^ll lunde des Grossherzoglums Baden, I, 244-Sli, Irri|>it|i int \\..iks; Longner, Beitrnge zur Gesrh. der ohrrrhrini..h.n h, , <ii . „ prorim (Tubingen. 1863); BnijcK, Die uh.-rrli.u, ,<■/,, h t ,, h. n provinz (Mainz, 1868); Friedbehg, Der Sldut i/ikI 'in- k'lllinl. Kirche im Grossherzogtum Baden (2d ed., l.riii/ii_'. 1^. 1 ■: IIkinkr, Gesetze die kalhol. Kirche (in Baden) iclr,ii\n,l il-Triinni:, l^'M);lDEil. Dtekirchlichen Erlasse, Verord- niaigin u. B,lMin,lm„rhunn,n d,r ICr^Jinri.^e Freiburg (2d ed., 1898); Maas, G(x.7,. ,l,r k.ilhnl. K,r,li. ,m Gr,..::<herzogtum Baden (1891): MeYEK, D.r (Inlrn.L Hnnnh. rzui. n Srhu-estem rom hi.

Vincenz v. Paul in ,l,r Kr:,U,.,;sr F,-,cl,„rg ( l,su6); Meisteb, Das Beamlenrecht der Erzdiucese Freiburg (Stuttgart, 1904); Rosen. Die Bezichungen der SlanlsgewuU zur kalhol. Kirche in den bciden hcjhenzoUernschen Fnrslenlumern 1S00-18B0 (Sigmarin- gen, 1906); Idem, Das retigi.se Lclien in HohenzoUern unler dem Finllusse des Wessenbergianismtis, 1800-1850 (Cologne, 1908); Lauer, Gesch. der kalhol. Kirche in Baden (Freiburg, 1908) ; von Fu.NK in Kirchenlexikon. IX, 593-612; Die kalhol. Kirche und ihre Diener, II; Persanalschemalismus (yearly), Realschema- tismus der Erzdiocese Freiburg (1863), new edition in preparation. For the churches of the archdiocese see Kraus, Kunsldenkmdler d. Grossherzoglums Baden (Freiburg, since 1887, 8 vols.); Zing- ELER AND Laur, Die Bau-und Kunsl-Denkmdier in den Hohen- zollernschen Landen (Stuttgart, 1896). Periodicals: Freiburger Diuzesanarchiv (Freiburg, since 1865, annual; vol. XXIX has a complete ecclesiastico-historical bibliography of the archdio- cese) ; Zei(scAri/( fur Gesch. des Oberrheins (1850-1908); Frei- burger Kalholisches Kirchenhlalt (1857-89); Oberrheinisches Pasloralblalt (Freiburg, since 1890).

The University. — For the foundation of its university Freiburg is indebted to Archduke Al- brecht VI of Austria, who was entrusted by his bro- ther. Emperor Frederick III, with the government of the Further Austrian territories. The idea was first conceived by Mechtild, the accomplished wife of Al- brecht, and it was at her suggestion that he resolved to found the universitv, having obtained the sanction of Callistus III in the BuU of 20 April, 1455. The revenue of the university w-as ensured by the founda- tion of several benefices, and the incorporation of the cathedral parish of Freiburg, together with the par- ishes of Breisach, Ensisheim, and other places, in the new institution (Deed of 28 August, 1456), this endow- ment being approved by Frederick III. The town also made considerable contributions, although the foundation-brief of 21 September, 1457, granted the new university its own jurisdiction and immunity from taxation for its members. The real work of organization and the preparation of the constitution fell on the erudite Matthaeus Hummel of ViUingen, and it was entirely due to his untiring zeal that the imiversity could be opened with seven lecturers (four being theologians) on 26 April. 1460. Matthaeus was solemnly elected in the cathedral as first rector, and, despite the initial modesty of the institution and the fewness of its lecturers, the university was attended during the first year of its academic existence by two hundred and fourteen students (including one hun- dred and eight theologians), the majority of whom were from the Diocese of Constance, from Bavaria, Burgundy, and Lorraine.

The sijpreme authority over the university was vested in the rector, who was elected by the professor- ate for a single term. In the preservation of academi- cal disciphne, the rector was assisted by the senate (also called the consistory or regency), which usually comprised the preceding rector and three counsellors. Of the four faculties at the " Albertina", the faculty of arts was the most important. The course usually lasted three years, and included logic, dialectics, physics, mathematics, Aristotle and the peripatetics, poetry and oratory being added in 1471 and Greek in 1.521. The most important lectures of this faculty during the first centur>' of the university's existence were: Gregorivis Reisch. a Carthusian, the teacher of Johann Eck and author of the "Margarita Philoso- phica", which treated of the totality of knowledge at the time; Jacob Locher, called Philomu.sus, who trans- lated Brant's "Narrenschiff" (Ship of Fools) into Latin; Philip Engelbrecht of Engen (Engentinus), a poet and a secret follower of Luther; Henricus Loriti,