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 FRANCO

23ii

FRANKENBERG

legitima et apostolica vocatione sacerdotum et con- cionatonim", etc. (Ingolstadt, 1571); "Casparis Franci de externo, visibili et hierarchico, Ecclesiie Catholica; sacerdotio", etc. (Cologne, 1575); "Cata- logus li;rrpticorum" (Ingolstadt, 1576); "Explicatio totius liistoii:r I'assionis et Mortis Domini", etc. (Ingolstadt, 1572); " Fundamentum Catholicaj Fidei contra Schniidelin " (Ingolstadt, 1578).

Rass, Die Converlilen sell der Reformaliim (1S66), II, 15-S4; HuRTER. Nomenclator; Mederex, Annates Ingolstad. (Ingol- stadt, 17S2), I, ai2 and II, 90 sqq.

Joseph Schroeder.

Franco, Antipope. See Boniface VII, Antipope.

Franco, Giovanni Battista (frequently known as II Semoi.ei), Italian historical painter and etcher, b. at Udine in 1510; d. at Venice in 1580. He studied in Rome, giving special attention to the works of Michel- angelo, :ind taking great interest in designing alle- gorical decorations on a large scale. He worked with Vasari in carrying o\it some decorative work in a pal- ace for Ottaviano do' Medici, but is better known for his portraits of the Medici family, which were, how- ever, to a great extent copies from the works of other men. His designs for majolica were of importance and were executed for the Duke of Urbino; but perhaps he is better remembered for his etchings, of which there are over a hundred, than for any other works. He is said to have been instructed in the art of etching by Marc' Antonio, and his plates are marked B. F. V. F. (Battista Franco Venetus Fecit). They are not par- ticularly attractive, as their execution is somewhat inechaiiical, but there is a certain light and easy spirit about them by which they can be recognized. About half the nuiiii)er are original works, the others being derived from paintings by Raphael, Titian, and others.

Vabari, Le Vile dei pillori (Florence. 1S78-1SS5); Michikli, Nolizie d' Opera di disegno (Bologna, 1SS4).

George Charles Williamson.

Frank, Michael Sigismdnd, Catholic artist and rediscoverer of the lost art of glass-painting; b. 1 June, 1770, at Nuremberg; d. at Munich, 10 January, 1847. His father was a dealer in provisions, living in comfortable circumstances, who destined his boy to become his successor in business. But these plans were thwarted by Sigismund's passionate fondness for art. The mother, without her husband's knowledge, liad him instructed in drawing in the local academy, an institution of moderate merit. Young Frank's progress was so marked as to astonish his friends.

Having lost his father in early youth, Frank was apprenticed to his godfather Neubert, who carried on at Nuremberg the business of lacquering and decor- ating wooden boxes and caskets. His progress in this work was rapid, but he stayed less than a year with Neubert. After returning to the house of his mother, who had man led a second time, he once more en- thusiastically devoted himself to the study of drawing, meantime painting boxes for other manufacturers at Nuremberg and earning enough to pay his expenses. On completing his twenty-first year his parents in- duced him against his inclination to wed Marie H. BlechkoU, the daughter of an hotel-keeper who brought him as her dowry the inn Zur Himmclsleiter which exists to this day. But Frank was not born to be an innkeeper. He continued his art studies while his wife managed the hotel. However, he now turned his attention to painting porcelain, to which art one of his guests, the skilful porcelain-painter Trost, had intro- duced him. His success was immediate, and when, after a married life of five years, his wife died, he sold the hotel and established a porcelain factory. The undertaking, which brought him a good income, led him to travel in Austria, Hungary, and Turkey; at Vienna he made the acquaintance of several prominent artists, under whose instruction he perfected himself as a colourist.

At the beginning of the nineteenth century, how- ever, when Western Germany repeatedly became the scene of French invasions, Frank's business interests suffered severely. It was then that his attention was turned in a wholly new direction. At the shop of a business friend named Wirth he met an Englishman to whom Wirth sold some fragments of ancient col- oured glass for what seemed to Frank a large sum. On inquiry he found that the high price paid was due to the fact that the art of painting in glass which had been coloured while molten — an art which had pro- duced so many of the magnificent church and palace windows during the Middle Ages and the early Renais- sance — had been entirely lost during the eighteenth century. Frank determined to recover the lost secret of this art. Unaided and untaught, he toiled for sev- eral years to accomplish his piu'pose; his savings fast disappeared, and his success seemed more and more doubtful. His friends expressed fears that he would become a financial and mental wreck, and urged him to give up his fruitless efforts. But Frank persevered, and in 1804 there came a turn in his fortunes. He had found at last the method of producing coloured glass which he had so long sought. His first commission was to paint the coat of arms of the Rhenish Count Schenk, for his chapel at Greifenstein in Franconia. When this glass-painting was seen by the travelling agent of a London art house named Rauh, a Nurem- berger like Frank himself, he recognized at once that Frank's work was practically the same as the ancient glass-painting, the secret of which had been lost. He hastened to Nuremberg, saw Frank, and made busi- ness arrangements with him. Frank now made several hundred pieces for the English market, some of which made their way to Philadelphia and Baltimore. But the disappearance of Rauh in 1807 put an end to Frank's prosperity and might have had serious con- sequences had not King Maximilian I of Bavaria be- come the artist's patron (1808). So favourable was the impression made on the king by Frank's execution of the royal Bavarian coat of arms that the monarch not only paid him generously, but turned over to hira for factory purposes the building called the Zwinger, in Nuremberg. Henceforth Frank produced many works for King Maximilian, such as the "Circum- cision", after Heinrich Goltzius; the "Nativity", after Bolzwerth; the "Passion", six parts after Lucas van Leyden; the Mosque of Cordova; " St. Barbara ", after Holbein; the "Judgment of Solomon", after Raphael; the "Magi", after Rubens. For King Louis I, also, Frankexecuted many commissions, especially the glass decorations of the cathedral of Ratisbon.

In 1818 Maximilian appointed Frank painter in glass at the royal porcelain factory in Munich, with a salary of 800 florins annually. When, in 1827, Maxi- milian's successor established the royal institute for glass-painting, Frank was entrusted with all the ar- rangements and with the technical management, par- ticularly with the preparation of the colours to be used and the manufacture of the coloured glass plates. He was also charged with instructing assistants in the secrets of his craft. Here he worked until 1840 when he retired with an annual pension of 1200 florins.

He was the father of many children, of whom the most prominent is the well-known historical painter Julius Frank. Among his friends were the great physi- cist Fraunhofer and the Viennese glas.s-painter Mohn, who bore enthusiastic testimony to the excellence of Frank's colouring, especially his reds and his flesh colour.

Milteibmgen des Verhandes deutseher Glasmalerei (Munioh, 1907); VON ScHADEN in his Skizzen (Munich, 1829).

Charles G. Hehbermann.

Frankenberg, Johann Heinrich, Graf von, .Archbishop of Mechlin (Malines), Primate of Belgium, and cardinal; b. 18 September, 1726, at Gross-Glogau,