Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 5.djvu/870

 FARLATI

788

FARNESE

tic revolution. They had invented colouring as an essential branch of the painter's art. But great mas- ters that they were, they were also men of intellectual genius and cared too much for the idea and its expres- sion to give themselves up utterly to the purely sen- sual ideal they had discovered.

The Veronese School, on the contrary, less con- cerned with the higher walks of art, and untrained in the quest of lofty ideals, seized straightway on colouring as the language best suited to express its own tem- perament. Colouring soon became its unique preoc- cupation; and it was from this school the greatest col- ourist and painter of all time was to come forth, if the measure of greatness among painters is their ability to speak in colouring, Paolo Caliari, of Verona, known as Veronese. It is on tliis account that GioUino and his pupils, Brusasorci and Farinato, are of such inter- est in the history of art. It is in their works that we note the blending of the two styles, and the use of colouring as an exclusive source of pleasure in paint- ing: they were the heralds of Veronese and his imme- diate precursors. More than one sketch by Brusa- sorci is even now masquerading as a Veronese. Moreover, in the hands of these artists painting grad- ually loses its moral purpose and becomes merely one of the decorative arts, giving promise already of that gaudy evolution that was to end in Tiepolo.

In this transformation Farinato played a very im- portant part. He had a decided talent for fresco, and like Lilierale, he was largely occupied on the decora- tions of the facades of the houses in Verona, which give that town and its famous Piazza dell' Erbe so winsome and engaging an appearance. Unfortu- nately, Farinato did not remain faithful to his native genius. At Mantua he fell under the influence of Giulio Romano, who, with his own captivating though vulgar faults, had inherited all the prestige of the di- vine Raphael. It was under this influence that Paolo executed his "St. Martin" in the Blessed Sacrament Chapel of the cathedral at Mantua: and from this time onward his works betray for the most part a hy- brid compromise between the corrupt Roman style and the light impressionist colouring of Veronese. In Mantua also his principal works are preserved. In Santa Maria in Organo, a " Massacre of the Innocents" (1556), and a "Christ Walking on the Waters" (1558); in San Tommaso, a "Glorification of the B. Virgin" (1569); in Sant' Anastasia, a "Pentecost" (1598), and in San Giorgio in Braida, a "Multiplica- tion of the Loaves" (1603).

Though four years older than Veronese, Farinato survived him by nearly twenty years, and was over eighty when he died. He was a most prolific painter and many of his works have found their way to other lands. In the United States there are two or three, one at Cleveland, in the Holden Collection, an allegory of "Autumn"; one at New Haven in the Jarves Col- lection, "Christ Appearing to Some Saints"; and one at the Historical Society in New York, an " Abraham Driving away Hagar". The famous painting in the Louvre, representing " The Council of Trent ", and gen- erally attributed to Titian, has been assigned to Fari- nato bv Berenson.

Vasari, Le Monnier.ed.XI. 135, 139, 249; XIII, 109; Blanc, Ecole Vcnitienne (Paris, s. d.); Woermann and Woltmann, Geschichte der Malerei (Leipzig, 1888); Buhckuardt, Le Cice- rone. French tr. (Paris. 1S921, pp. 203. 762; Morelli, Italian Painters (London, 1S93), II, 72; Behenson, Xcrth Italian Paint- ers ( New York, 1907).

Louis Gillet.

Farlati, Daniele, ecclesiastical historian, b. at San Daniele del Friuli in the present Italian province of Udine, 22 February, 1690; d. 25 April, 1773. After having studied at Gorz he entered, in 1707, the Society of Jesus at Bologna. lie was for five years teacher of classics at the Jesuit college in Padua, and then went to Rome, where he completed his theological studies, was ordained priest, in 1722, and was again sent to

Padua, to assist Father Filippo Riceputi in the latter's historical labours. Riceputi intended to write a com- plete ecclesiastical history of lUjTia, and in 1720 had issued, at Padua, a prospectus of this monumental en- terprise. During twenty years they both searched with unwearied mdustry, in all the Ubraries and ar- chives of ancient Illyria, for the material for their work; the matter they collected filled three hundred MS. volumes. In 1742, just as two of the larger di- visions, the martyrology of lUjTia and the life of San Pietro Orseolo, were about completed, Riceputi died. Thus Farlati was left alone to work into presentable shape the prodigious amount of material collected. As co-labourer he chose Father Jacopo Coleti. The first volume of "Illyricum Sacrum" appeared at Ven- ice, in 1751; it contained the history of the Church of Salona up to the fourth century. Three further vol- umes appeared in rapid succession; while the fifth was in press Farlati died. His assistant Coleti finished the fifth volume, which appeared in 1775, and issued three more, the last being completed in 1818, The whole w'ork fills eight well-executed folio volumes.

Vita P. Dan. Farlati. in Jlli/ricum Sacrum (Venice, 177.5), V; Bi'iliolhrque dc la c. de J. (Brussels, 1890—), III; Hurter Somenclator lit. (Innsbruck, 1906).

J. P. KiRSCH.

Farley, John M. See New York, Archdiocese of.

Farmer, Ferdinand. See Steenmeyer, Fer- dinand.

Farnese, Alessandro, the name of two cardinals. For the elder see Paul III, Pope. The younger, .\lessandro Farnese, eldest son of Pier Luigi Farnese, first Duke of Parma and brother of Pope Paul III, was born 7 Oct., 1520, and died at Rome, Feb., 1589. While yet a student at Bologna, in 1534, Clement VII appointed him adnunistrator of the Diocese of Parma; on IS Dec. of the same year, his uncle, Paul III, cre- ated him Cardinal-Deacon of the Title of Sant' .\ngelo, and conferred on him numerous offices and benefices. Thus, he was A'ice-Chancellor of the Holy Roman Church, Governor of Tivoli, Archpriest of St. Mary Major's, Archpriest of St. Peter's, Administrator of Jaen, Spain, of ^'izeu, Portugal, of Wiirzburg, Ger- many, and of Avignon, France. In 1536 he was made Bishop of Monreale, Sicily, where, in 1552, he founded a Jesuit College, and, in 1559, convoked a synod. He was also Bishop of Massa (1538), and Archbishop of Tours (1553), later exchanging this see for that of Cahors, from which he resigned in 1557; Bishop of Benevento (1556); of Montefiascone (1571); finally Cardinal- Bishop of Ostia and Velletri (1580). He was papal legate for the province of the Patrimony, and after- wards of the county of .4vignon, where he displayed great administrative ability, especially during the plague of 1541.

He was very zealous in behalf of the poor. Farnese was employed by the popes on various legations and embassies. In 1539, he was legatus a latere of Paul III at the court of Charles V, to make peace between the emperor and the King of France, and to sever the alliance with England, also to arrange for a general council. In 1543 he went again to the court of Charles V, and later to that of Francis I, and was pres- ent at the meeting of the two sovereigns in Paris, re- turning with Charles to Flanders. In the war be- tween his brother Ottavio, Duke of Parma, and Pope Julius III, he prudently held aloof, first at Florence and then at Avignon, In 1545 he went on a second embassy to Charles V in reference to the council, and in 1546 he accompanied the pontifical troops sent to the aid of Charles V against the Smalkald League, In 15S0, he was one of the candidates for the papacy. Charles V greatly admired his virtues and sagacity. Farnese was an ardent promoter of the Tridentine re- forms. .\bove all he was a lover and patron of litera- ture, science, and art, especially ecclesiastical. He used to say that "there is nothing more despicable