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 FALLOPIO

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FALLOUX

Diocesan Archives; Catholic Directory (Milwaukee, 190SV, MissioTies CathoIicoE (Rome, 1907); American College' Biillatin (Louvain), April, 1907; Catholic Union (New Bedford, Feb.,

Edward J. Carr.

Fallopio, Gabriello, anatomist, "one of the most important of the many-sided physicians of the sixteenth century" (Haeser): b. at Modena, Italy, 1523; d. 9 October, 15G2, at Padua. Some writers have placed his birth as early as 1490, but contemporary authority is for the date mentioned. His family was noble but very poor and it was only by a hard struggle he suc- ceeded in obtaining an education. He studied medi- cine at Ferrara, at'that time one of the best medical schools in Europe. After taking his degree he worked at various medical schools and then became professor of anatomy at Ferrara, in 1548. He was called the next year to Pisa, then the most important university in Italy. In 1551 Fallopio was invited by Cosmo I, Grand Duke of Tuscany, to occupy the chair of anat- omy and surgery at Padua. He held also the profes- sorship of botany and was superintendent of the botanical gardens. Though he died when less than forty, he had made his mark on anatomy for all time. This was the golden age of anatomy and Fallopio 's contemporaries included such great anatomists as Vesalius, Eustachius, and CoUmibus. It has some- times been asserted that he was jealous of certain of the great discoverers in anatomy and that this is the reason for his frequent criticisms and corrections of their work. Haeser, whose authority in medical history is very high, declares that Fallopio was noted for his modesty and deference to his fellow-workers and espe- cially to Vesalius. His purpose in suggesting correc- tions was the advance of the science of anatomy. Fal- lopio's own work dealt mainly with the anatomy of the head. He added much to what was known before about the internal ear and described in detail the tympanum and its relations to the osseous ring in which it is situated. He also described minutely the circular and oval windows (fenestra;) and their com- munication with the vestibule and cochlea. He was the first to point out the connexion between the mas- toid cells and the middle ear. His description of the lachrymal passages in the eye was a marked advance on those of his predecessors and he also gave a detailed account of the ethmoid bone and its cells in the nose. His contributions to the anatomy of the bones and muscles were very valuable. It was in myology par- ticularly that he corrected Vesalius. He studied the organs of generation in both sexes, and his description of the canal or tube which leads from the ovary to the uterus attached his name to the structure. Another structure, the little canal through which the facial nerve passes after leaving the auditory, is also called after him the aqiKrdudus Fallopii. He was much more than a discoverer in anatomy. His contribu- tions to practical medicine were important. He was the first to use an aural specuUun for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the ear. His writings on surgical subjects are still of interest. He published two treatises on ulcers and tumors; a treatise on siu-- gery; and a commentary on Hippocrates 's book on wounds of the head. His treatise on syphilis is won- derful in its anticipation of what is sometimes thought most modern in this subject. Fallopio was also inter- ested in every form of therapeutics. He wrote a treatise on baths ancl thermal waters, another on simple pur- gatives, a third on the composition of drugs. None of these works, except his anatomy (Venice, 1561), was published during his lifetime. As we have them they are from the manuscripts of his lectures and notes of his st udents. They were published by Koyter (Nurem- berg, 1575).

Overo Omnia (Venice, 15841; TlRAnosnii, Bibholeca degli Scriltori Modrnrxi: Fisher, Annals of the Analonncal and Sur- ffical Society (Brooklyn, 1880).

James J. Walsh.

De Falloux du Coudkay

Falloux du Coudray, Frederic Alfred Pierre, VicoMTE DE, b. at Angers, 7 March, 1811; d. there Q> Jan., 1885. Two persons are largely responsible for the moulding of his character, his mother, who was at the court of Louis XVI, and Madame Swetchine, whose "Life and Letters" he later published. The first works by which he drew attention to himself re- vealed the future statesman as a man of unyielding principles. His "Histoire de Louis XVI" (Paris, 1840) exhibits him as a staunch monarchist; in it he maintains that the needed re- forms could have been accomplish- ed by the mon- archy without the Revolution. His " Histoire de Saint Pie V" (Paris, 1844) ably sus- tains the tradi- tional thesis that the Church may use coercion to pre- vent the spread of heresy. Never- theless, in less than ten years this partisan of mon- archy took office imder President LouisBona- parte; this defender of the coercive authority of the Church was ranked among " Liberal Catholics". To take advantage of opportunities was henceforth de Falloux's maxim as a practical statesman.

Under the monarchy de Falloux was elected (1846) deputy for Segr6 on a legitimist platform ; in 1848 he was chosen a member of the Constitutional Assembly to represent Maine et Loire, on a platform which sup- ported the social aspirations of the time as compatible with Christian ideas. It was at his suggestion that the Catholic members helped to elect Buchez presi- dent of the assembly. To de Falloux, as mouthpiece of the committee charged with the question of investi- gating the "national workshops", was assigned the perilous duty of proposing their abolition; this meas- ure was followed by the bloody insurrection of June. Those who blame h'im for this action overlook the fact that he was neither the first nor the only one to insist on this inevitable measure and unjustly attribute to him a Machiavellian scheme by which, in the interest of his religious policy, he sought to goad the advanced parties to compromise their cause by disorder and rioting. As a matter of fact the sight of these ex- cesses brought home to Thiers the necessity of moral restraint as a part of education, and thus led him to collaborate with de Falloux in promoting the educa- tional projects of the latter. Minister of Education from December, 1848, until .31 October, 1849, de Fal- loux immediately determined to push vigorously against the educational monopoly of the university the campaign which Montalembert had begun during the last years of the July monarchy. As early as 4 Jan., 1849, de Falloux appointed an extra parliarnen- tary commission to further this scheme in the legisla- ture and in June, 1849, while the advanced parties were still smarting under the sense of defeat, he strongly advocated the passage of a law establishing liberty "of education. The assembly, however, voted against it, since the bill had not the approval of the Council of State. It was only during the ministry of 1850, in which de Falloux had not a seat, that on 15 March his siiccessor Parieu, with the help of Thiers and Dupanloup, and despite the opposition of Victor Hugo, succeeded in having the law passed. Though de Falloux could not take part in the proceedings od