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 FABRICIUS

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FACADE

fourth century there appeared in the Orient and in certain countries of the West, bursars (oeconomi), who, subject to the direction of the bishop, managed the temporal affairs of churelies; in other countries the bishop continued to administer the church property with the assistance of some trustwortliy man of his choice. When each churcii came to have its own par- ticular patrimony, the bishop was naturally obliged to turn over the administration of such property to the local clergy, reserving nevertheless a right of control. During the long Investitures conflict this right, it may be, was completely annihilated ; when peace was restored the clergy were often obliged to appeal to the inhabitants of the parish to defray the expenses of re- ligion. In France and England especially, the assem- bled parishoners established the portion of expenses that ought to be borne by the community; naturally, therefore, this assembly was henceforth consulted m regard to the most important acts connected with the administration of the parish temporalities. For that purpose it selected lay delegates who participated in the ordinary administration of the ecclesiastical prop- erty set aside for parochial uses. They were called vestrymen, churchwardens, procurators (procuratores), mambours {mamburni), luminiers, gagers, provisores, vitrici, operarii, allirmanni, etc.

In the councils of the thirteenth century frequent mention is made of laymen, chosen by their fellow laymen to participate in the administration of tem- poral affairs ; at the same time the rights of the parish priest and of ecclesiastical authority were maintained. A reaction is visible in the councils of the fourteenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth centuries which undertake to check the tendency towards an exclusively lay ad- ministration of the parochial property. Eventually the Council of Trent (.Sess. XXII de ref. c. ix) admitted participation in the administration of ecclesiastical property, but demanded 'Aat at all times and in all places the lay administrators render an annual ac- count to the bishop or to his delegate. As no general law has determined either the competency or the com- position of fabric committees (conseils de fabrique) there has been in this respect very great variations. In modern times secular power has frequently inter- fered in the administration of ecclesiastical property set apart for purpo.ses of worship, and in the organiza- tion of church fabrics. Even now, in most European countries, the State regulates the administration of ecclesiastical property, and the proceedings of church fabrics. (See under Buildings, Ecclesiastical, an outline of the regulations actually in force.)

Thomassinus, Vetus et nava Ecclesim discipHna circa beneficia (Paris. 1691), Pars III, lib. I. II; Sibnens. Des fabriques diglisc (Louvain, 1862); Stutz, Ge.fchichle des kirchlichen Benejicial' wesens (Berlin, 189.5). 1; Idem. Die Eiqenkircke als Element des mittelallertich-ffermanischen Kin'henrechls (Berlin, 1895); Bon- droit. De capacitate po^si.l, mli h'rrlf.sur (I.ouvain. lOOOt, I; Roth, G&ichichte de^ J;< I., •■<, , ■ . I .rl;iti^n>ri. Is.M) ; i lnuss. DoK Rechl an der P/ru ',, i , lii:vi;i i.i iv I, .in,

L&ipaToissesrurales >i > I ^ >/ 1 ci IJiiii .Ivin^ple,

Die deutsche Pfarrei unJ ,'.- /;../,' ;<, .1:,,,/.,,,,/,/,;, Milhlallers (Stuttgart, 1905); von I>r.sclilNc;EK. Dax EUicnlhum am Kirch- envermogen (Munich, 1871); Lesetre, Laparoisse (Paris, 1906); Clement, Recherches sur les paroisses et les fabriques au com- mencement du XIII' siecle in Melanges d'archiotogte et d'histoire det'Ecole fran^aisede Rome (PuTis, 1895), XV, 387; Froger, De V oTganisalinn et de V administration des fabriques avant 17S9, au diocese du Mans in Revue des questions historiques (Paris, 1890), LXIII. 406-436, and Vac\nt-Mangenot, Diclionnaire de theologie cathotique, s. v. Biens ecclesiastiques (Paris, 1905), II, 844-878.

A. Van Hove.

Fabricius, Andrew. See Lefevre, Fa.mily of.

Fabricius, Hieronymus (surnamed Ab Aquapen- DENTi;), a distinguished Italian anatomist and surgeon, b. in the little town of Acquapendente (Aqu£e-Taur- ina;), twelve miles from Orvieto, in 1537; d. at Padua, 21 May, 1619. He is known by the name of his birth- place to distinguish him from his contemporary, the great German surgeon, Fabricius Hildanus. In Eng- lish medical literature Fabricius is best known as the

teacher of Harvey, who gives him the entire credit for the discovery of the valves in the veins which meant so much for Harvey's own discovery of the circulation of the blood. Some valves in the veins, however, had been seen and described by investigators before this, probably even by Erasistratus in ancient times. It was Fabricius' merit that he recognised the existence of a system of valves.

Sent by his parents to the University of Padua, Fabricius succeeded admirably in Greek, Latin, and philosophy. When he took up medicine he became the favourite pupil of FaUopius, being his demonstra- tor in anatomy at Padua when scarcely twenty. Though he was only twenty-five when FaUopius died, Fabricius was chosen his successor and a little later became professor of surgery, occupying both chairs for nearly half a century (1562-1609). His abilities were properly appreciated by the Senate of Venice, which built for him at Padua a spacious anatomical theatre bearing his name. He was created a Knight of St. Mark, and his annual salary was a thousand crowns, which was continued for ten years after his resignation. A statue was erected to his memory in Padua after his death. Fabricius was indifferent to money, refused regular fees, and accepted only such presents as wealthy patients forced on him. His work on anatomy (500 fol. pp.) is illustrated by hun- dreds of figiu'es on sixty-one full-page plates, some of the best ever made. A monograph on the speech of brutes and a study of the comparative anatomy of the appendix are suggestive even for modern readers. His work on sm'gery is scarcely less valuable than that on anatomy and has gone through twenty editions in many languages. His principal works are: "De visione, voce, auditu" (Venice, 1600); "De bru- torum loquela" (Padua, 160.3); " De formato foetu" (Venice, 1600); "De locutione" (Venice, 1627); "Tractatus anatomicus triplex" (Frankfort, 1614). All his other works were reprinted at Frankfort shortly after this time, and all his works at Leipzig in 1687.

Fisher in Annals of Anatomy and Surgery (Brooklyn, 1880); Foster. History of Physiology (New York, 1901); Thulics, Funus Hieronymi Fahricii (Padua, 1619); Romiti, II merito anatomico di Fabrizi in Lo Sperimentale (1883), April; De Renzi, Storia delta Medicina in Italia (Naples, 1845-49).

James J. Walsh.

Fabyan, Robert, English chronicler, d. 28 Feb., 1513. He was a London clothier, a member of the Drapers' Company, and an alderman. He held sev- eral responsible positions, but resigned his alderman- ship in 1502, probably to escape the financial burdens of the mayoralty. Fabyan belongs to the class of City chroniclers, men interested mainly in municipal life, but he is the first to take a wider view and to attempt to combine his London history with that of the coun- try. He was not very successful. His " Concordance of Histories" begins with Brutus and goes down to the death of Richard III, but his effort to harmonize dif- ferent chroniclers is made without art or historical judgment. The work is of value mainly for its refer- ence to London. The second edition (1533) contains a number of pithy scattered notes on municipal hi-story under Henry VII. Dr. Busch considers that these must be an abridgment of a lost chronicle of that reign. The best edition of Fabyan is that published by Ellis in 1811.

Creiohtom in Did. Nat. Biog., XVIII. 113; Busch, England under the Tudors tr. (London, 1895), I, 403-415.

F. F. Urquhart.

Facade, the face or front of any building. In ec- clesiastical architecture the term is generally used to designate the west front; sometimes the transept fronts. For ritualistic reasons, the church architect was everywhere compelled to treat the end wall of the nave as the grand facade.

Early Christian Period. The fagades of the