Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 5.djvu/716

 EUTTCHIANUS

638

EUTYCHIUS

beggar's garb, ordaining bishops and priests every- where in Mesopotamia, SjTia, Asia Minor, in order to repair the spiritual ruin caused among the Monophy- sites by Justinian's renewal of the original laws against their bishops and priests. John of Ephesus puts the number of clergy he ordained at 100,000, others at 80,000. His journeys were incredibly swift. He was believed to have the gift of miracles, and at least he performed the miracle of infusing a new life into the dry bones of his sect, though he w,as imable to unite them against the "Sj-nodites" (as they called the orthodo.x), and he died worn out by the quarrels among the Monophysite patriarchs and theologians. He has deserved to give his name to the Monophysites of Syria, Mesopotamia, and Babylonia, with .\sia Minor, Palestine, and Cyprus, who have remained since his time generally united under a Patriarch of Antioch (see J.^coBiTEs). A number of these united in 1646 with the Catholic Church, and they are governed by the SjTian Archbishop of Aleppo. The rest of the Monophysites are also frequently called Jacobites. For the Coptic Monophysites see Egypt, and for the Armenians see Armenia. The Armenian Monophy- site Patriarch resides at Constantinople. The Aby.s- sinian Church was drawn into the same heresy through its close connexion with Alexandria. At least since the Mohammedan conquest of Egj-pt, in 641, the Aljuna of the Abyssinians has always been conse- crated by the Coptic Patriarch of Alexandria, so that the Abyssinian Church has always been, and is still, nominally !\Ionophysite.

The chief materials for the general history of the Eutychians will be found in the Collections of the Councils by Mansi, Har- Docix. or Labbe. that is to say the councils, letters of j^opes. and other documents. To these must be added the historians Eva- GRlcs, Theophanes, etc.. and the Monophysite historians John ofEphesis. and Zach.vrias Rhetor (both in Land's Anecdota Syriaca, II-III, I.eyden, 1S79). aGerman translation of thelatter by .\hren8 and Kriger (Leipzig, 1S99) and an English one by Hamilto.v and Brooks (London, 1SS9). The works of Faci-n- Dus, the Breviarium of Liberatvs, and information imparted by Photius are valuable. Of modern authorities, the larger and smaller histories are innumerable, e. g. B.\ronius. Fleiirv, Gibbon, Hefele, and (for the early period) Tili-emont. XV; also the biographical articles in such large works as Cave, Biogr. Liu, Fabricius; the Kirchente^ikon: Herzog, Realcn- njkl.; and Did. Ch. Biog.: Assemani. Bibl. Orient.. 11; Walch, KctzergeschicMe (Leipzig, 1762-85), VI-VIII; for detailed biog- raphies see the articles referred to above.

On the dogmatic side see Petavius, De Incam.. VI; Dorner, Enlwicklungsgeschichle von der Person Chrisli (Berlin, 1S53), 2nded.; tr.: Doctrine o1 the Per.son of ChrisHEdinhuigh. l»6l- 3), 5 vols. — it should be noted that Dorner himself held a Nes- torian view; Diet, de Thcol. Cath.; the histories of dogma such a-s those of Schwane, Harnack. and (up to 451) Bethitne- B.vker; Krl ger. Monophysitische Streitigkeiten in Zusammen- hange mil der Reichspoliiik (Jena, 1884); Loops, Leontiiis von Byzanz. in Tej^tc iind Unters., 1st series. III, 1-2; new light has come from the Syriac, .-\rabic, and Coptic of late years. In addi- tion to the histories mentioned above; Evetts, History of the Patriarchs of the Coptic Church of Alexandria, Arabic and Eng- 11.41 in Patrol. Orient.. I. 2 (Paris. 1905); S. ben el Mogaffa, Ilistoria patriarcharum Atexandr. in Corpus Script. Christ. Orient., Scriplores arahici, 3rd series, IX: Chabou, Chronique de Michel le Syricn (Paris, 1901), II.

On the works of Timothy ^lurus, Crum, Eusebius and Coptic Ch. Hist., in Proc. of Soc. of Bibl. Archaol. (London, 1902), XXIV; Lebon, La Christologie de Timoth^e .£lure in Revue d'llist. Eccl. (Oct., 1908), IX, 4; on Severus of Antioch, Kc- gener. Vies de Sf'vire par Zacharie le Rht'teur, et par Jean de Brilh Apthonia in Patrol. Orient. II (Paris. 1907); Duval, Les homilies cathcdrales de Srvire, trad. syr. de Jacques d'Edesse in Patrol. Orient.: Brooks. Sixth book of the seiect letters of Severus in the Syriac version of Athan. of Nisib. {Text and Transl. Soc., London, 1904), besides the fragments published by Mai, etc.; on ,Tulian see LooFs, loc. cit.; Usener in Rhein. Mus. fi/r Phil. CS. R.. LV, 1900); the letters of Peter Mongus and Acacius publ. by Revillovt {Rev. des Qu. hist., XXII, 1S77, a French transl.) and by Amklineaii (Monum. ^our servir h I'hist. de VEgypte chr. aux IV' el V' siccles. Pans, 1888) are spurious; Duval, LUl. Syriaque (Paris, 1900), 2nd cd.

John Chapman.

Eutychianus, Saint, Pope. — He succeeded Pope Felix I a few days after the latter's death, and gov- erned the Church from January, '-".i, until 7 Decem- ber, 2S3. We know no details of his pontificate. The rite for bles-sing the prodtice of the ficMs, ascribed to liim by the " Liber Pontificalis", undoubtedly belongs to a later period. The statement also that he pro-

mulgated rules for the burial of martyrs and buried many of them with his own hands, has but slight claim to acceptance, since after the death of Aurehan (275J the Church enjoyed a long respite from persecu- tion. It is highly probable that Eutychianus did not die a martyr. The fourth-century Roman Calendar

mentions him (S December) in the "Depositio Epis- coporum". but not in its list of martyrs. His remains were placed in the papal chapel in the Cata- comb of Callistus. When this famous crvpt was dis- covered the fragments of the epitaph of Eutychianus were found, i. e. his name (in Greek letters): Euty- CHIANOS EFis (kopos). His feast is celebrated on 8 December.

Duchesne (ed.), Liher Pontificalis, I, 159; De Rossi, Roma soUerranea, II (Rome, 1867), 70-72.

J. P. IVIR.SCH.

Eutychius I, P.^triarch of Coxst.vntinople, b. about 512, in Phrj-gia; d. Easter Day, 5 April, 582. He became a monk and then archimandrite at .\masea, in Pontus. In 552 his bishop sent him on business to Constantinople, where he seems to have made a great impression on Justinian I (527-565), so much so that when Mennas the Patriarch (536-552) died, the em- peror procured Eutychius's election as successor, on the very same day (in August). The great quarrel of " the Three Chapters" was then going on. Justinian thought he could conciliate the Monophysites, in Egj'pt, and Syria, by publishing anathemas against three theologians, — long dead — who were suspect of the opposite heresy, Nestorianism. The three points (called Ke0d\aia, capitula) were: (1) The condemna- tion of the person and works of Theodore of Mopsues- tia (428); (2) the condemnation of the wTitings of Theodoret of Cjtus (c. 457) against the Council of Ephesus; (3) a letter of one Ibas, to a Persian named Maris, which attacked that Council. It should be noted that these documents certainly were Nestorian, and that their condemnation involved no real conces- sion to Monophysitism. The question at issue was rather, whether it were worth while, on the chance of conciliating these Monophysites, to condemn people who had died so long ago. It is also true that, in the West, people suspected in these Three Chapters a veiled attack on Chalcedon. Justinian's " Edict of the Chapters" appeared in 544. It was accepted in the East and rejected in the West. Pope Yigilius (540-555) was the unhappy victim of the quarrel. In 548 he accepted the Edict by a Lidicatum, which also carefully guarded Chalcedon. He had liimself just come to Constantinople, in order to preside at a Coun- cil that should confirm the three anathemas. But he found that, by his ludicatuni, he had gi-ievously of- fended his own Western bishops. Dacius of Milan, and Facundus of Herniiane led the opposition against him, an<l in 550 a SjTioil of Carthage excommunicated the Pope. Vigilius then began that career of inde- cision that has left him the reputation of being the weakest Pope th;it reigned. He was still at Constanti- nople when Eutychitis became Patri:ircli. Eutychius sent him the usual iiniKnuiooment of his own appoint- ment and the usual (and quite orthodox) profession