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 EULOGIUS

604

EUMENIA

warm friend of St. Grtgory the Great, corresponded with him, and received from that pope many flattering expressions of esteem and admiration. Among other merits the pope makes special mention of liis defence of the primacy of the Roman See (Baronius, Ann. Eccl., ad an. 597, no. 9) Eulogius refuted the Xova- tians, some communities of which ancient sect still existed in his diocese, and vindicated the hypostatic union of the two natures in Christ, against both Nes- torius and Eutyches. Baronius (ad ann. 600, no. 5) says that Gregory wished Eulogius to survive him, recognizing in him the voice of truth. It has been rightly said that he restored for a brief period to the church of Alexandria that life and youthful vigour characteristic of those churches only which remain closely united to Rome. Besides the above works and a commentary against the various sects of the Monophysites (Severians, Theodosians, Cainites, Ace- phali) he left eleven discourses in defence of Leo I and the council of Clialcedon, also a work against the AgnoetiB, submitted by him before publication to Gregory I, who after some observations authorized it unchanged. With exception of one sermon and a few fragments all the writings of Eulogius have perished. Neale, The Holy Eastern Church: Patriarchate of Alexandria (London, 1S.50), II, -16-52; Bardenhewer, Patrology, tr. SiiA- HAN (Freiburg and St. Louis, 1908), 575. The extant fragments of the writings of Eulogius are in P. G., LXXXVX (2) 2913-64. M. J. McNeal.

Eulogius of Cordova, Saint, Spanish martyr and writer wlio flouri.shed iluring the reigns of the Cor- dovan Caliphs, Abd-er-Rahmau II and Mohammed I (822-SS6). It is not certain on what date or in what year of the ninth century he was born ; it must have been previous to 819, because in 848 he was a priest highly esteemed among the Christians of Catalonia and Navarre, and priesthood was then conferred only on men thirty years of age. The family of the saint was of the noljility and held land in Cordova from Roman times. The Mussulman rulers of Spain, at the beginning of the eighth century, tolerated the creed of the Christians and left them, with some re- strictions, their civil rule, ecclesiastical hierarchy, monasteries, and property, but made them feel the burden of subjection in the shape of pecuniary exac- tions and military service. In the large cities like Toledo and Cordova, the civil rule of the Christians did not differ from that of the Visigothic epoch. The government was exercised by the comes (count), president of the council of senators, among whom we meet a similarly named ancestor of Eulogius. The saint, like his five brothers, received an excellent education in accord with his good birth and under the guardianship of his mother Isabel. The youngest of the brothers, Joseph, held a high office in the palace of Abd-er-Rahman II; two other brothers, Alvarus and Isidore, were merchants and traded on a large scale as far as Central Europe. Of his sisters, Niola and Anulona, the first remained with her mother; the second was educated from infancy in a monastery where she later became a nun.

After completing his studies in the monastery of St. Zoilus, Eulogius continued to live with his family the better to care for his mother; also, perhaps, to study with famous masters, one of whom was Abbot Spe- raindeo, an illustrious writer of that time. In the meantime he found a friend in the celebrated Alvarus Paulus, a fellow-student, and they cultivated to- gether all branches of science, sacred and profane, within their reach. Their correspondence in prose and vcr.se filled volumes; later they agreed to destroy it as too exuberant an(l lacking in polish. Alvarus married, but Eulogius preferred the ecclesiastical ca- reer, and was finally ordained a priest by Bishop Recared of Cordova. .Mvarus has left us a portrait of his friend: "Devoted", he says, "from his infancy to the Scriptures, and growing daily in the practice of

virtue, he quickly reached perfection, surpassed in knowledge all his contemporaries, and became the teacher even of his masters. Mature in intelligence, though in body a child, he excelled them all in science even more than they surpassed him in years. Fair in feature [clarus viiltu], honest and honourable, he shone by his eloquence, and yet more bj' his works. What books escaped his avidity for reading? What works of Catholic writers, of heretics and Gentiles, chiefly philosophers? Poets, historians, rare writings, all kinds of books, especially sacred hymns, in the com- position of which he was a master, were read and di- gested by him; his humility was none the less remark- able and he readily yielded to the judgment of others less learned than himself." This humility shone par- ticularly on two occasions. In his youth he had de- cided to make a foot pilgrimage to Rome; notwith- standing his great fervour antl his devotion to the sepulchre of the Prince of the Apostles (a notable proof of the union of the Mozarabic Church with the Holy See), he gave up his project, yielding to the ad- vice of prudent friends. Again, during the Saracenic persecution in 850, after reading a passage of the works of St. Epiphanius he decided to refrain for a time from saying Mass that he might better defend the cause of the martyrs; however, at the request of his bishop, Saul of Cordova, he put aside his scruples. His extant WTitings are proof that Alvarus did not exaggerate. They give an account of what is most important from 848 to 859 in Spanish Christianity, both without and within the Mussulman dominions, especially of the lives of the martyrs who suffered during the Saracenic persecution, quorum pars ipse magna juit. He was elected Archbishop of Toledo shortly before he was beheaded (11 March, 859). He left a perfect account of the orthodox doctrine which he defended, the intellectual culture which he propa- gated, the imprisonment and sufferings which he en- dured ; in a word, his writings show that he followed to the letter the exhortation of St. Paul: Innlatores mei estate sicut el ego Christi. He is buried in the cathe- dral of Oviedo.

FuEMTE, Hist. Ec.'» de Esparia (1855), II. 124-26; Florez, Espana Sagrada, X, 336-471; Gams, KirchengcBch. Spaniens (1874), II, 229-38; Migne, P.L., CXV, 704-966; Simonet. Historia de los Mozdrabes de Espana in Memorias de la Real Academia de la Historia. XIII, 357, 486 (Madrid, 1903); Bau- DlsslN, Eulogius und Alvar (Leipzig, 1872); Ebert, Gesch. der lat. LUl. des Mittelalters (Leipzig, 1880). II, 300-05; Bourret, Schola Corduhce Christiana (Paris, 1858), 35-58.

F. FiTA.

Eumenia, a titular see of Phrygia Pacatiana in Asia Minor, and suffragan to Hierapolis. It was founded by Attalus II Philadelphus (159-138 B. c.) at the sources of the Cludrus and near the Glauous, on the site of the modern Ishekli, the centre of a nahi6 in the vilayet of Brusa (1000 inhabitants). The new city was named by its founder after his brother Eu- menes. Numerous inscriptions and many coins re- main to show that Eumenia was an important and prosperous city under Roman rule. On its coins it boasts of its Achrean origin. The spread of Christian- ity is, however, the most interesting fact in its history. As early as the third century its population was in great part Christian, and it seems to have suffered much during the persecution of Diocletian. Its bishop and martyr, St. Thraseas (Euseb., H. E., V, xxiv), must belong to this period. Another bishop, Metro- dorus, known by an inscription, lived probably soon after Emperor Constantine. Four other bishops are known by their subscriptions to proceedings of coun- cils—Theodore in 301, Leo in 787, Paul and Epi- phanius in S79 (Le(iuipn,Orienschrist., 1,807). The see is meat imicd in the " Notitia; episcopatuum " as late as the twelfth or thirteenth centuries.

Ramsay, The Cities and Bishoprics of Phrygia (Oxford. 1898), 353-373, 484-533. „ „,

S. Petbides.