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ESTAING

time he was frequently the bearer of pecimiarj' aid to his iincle, Nicolas Pieck, O.S.F., who was giving mis- sions in Belgium; but the latter would never accept any help. In 1572, while Est was still at Louvain, a great catastrophe befell his native town, which was captured by the Calvinists. His father, brother, and uncle were made prisoners and were in imminent danger of their lives. The father and brother escaped, but Nicolas Pieck, who was then Superior of the Fran- ciscan convent at Gorcum, and eighteen other eccle- siastics, were taken to Brielle, on the sea-coast, and put to death for the Catholic Faith with revolting brutality. Est wrote what is considered the best historj' of the ilartyrs of Gorcum, who were canon- ized by Pius IX in 1S67. From this history we learn many details about Est and his relatives.

When Est first arrived at Louvain he found the place in a ferment owing to the recently broached opinions of Baius (q. v.), one of the professors of Holy Scripture, and who held a leading position in the imiversity all the time tliat Est was there. A'iolent controversy raged round the person of Baius during all that time. It is evident from the commentaries of Est that he was much influenced on questions of grace and free will by the teaching of his old professor, Baius ; and on these points he has to be read with some caution. After having been made doctor, he con- tinued teaching philosophy at Louvain two years longer. In loS2 he was made professor of theology at Douai, a position which he retained for thirty-one years. He was also for many years rector of the dioc- esan seminary and during the last eighteen years of his life chancellor of the L^niversity of Douai. He was noted for his piety, modesty, and compassion for the poor, and greatly admired for his vast learning, solid judgment, and eloquence. He was afterwards styled doctor futidatissimus by the learned Pope Bene- dict XIV. Soon after he left Lou\"ain a fresh contro- versy broke out there, into which he appears to have been drawn. About 1586 Lessius began to refute the errors of Baius in his ordinary course of lectures. The friends of Baius, who admired him for his edifying life, great learning, and manly submission, felt annoyed that his shortcomings should have been thus pointedly accentuated by their opponents. They attacked cer- tain propositions of Lessius, resembling those of Mo- lina and Suarez, and had them condemned by the university as savouring of Semipelagianism. The sis- ter university of Douai added its condemnation (said to have been obtained under a misapprehension), and its terms were in still more violent language. It has been said, though on no ven,- clear evidence, that the form of condemnation was drawn up by Est. There can be little doubt but that he was in favour of the condemnation. The whole controversy finally led up to the Congregatio de Auxiliis (q. v.). On maturer examination the teaching of Lessius on grace etc. w.as found to be innocuous.

Most of Est's works, which were written in Latin, were not published imtil after his death. His greatest work is his "In omnes Divi Pauli et Catholieas Epis- tolas Commentarii" (Douai, 1614-15; Mainz, 1S5S- 60). There are several later editions, that of Mainz (1841-45, 7 vols.) being one of the best. To this work was prefixed the author's protestation of loyalty to the Church in which he declares that he desires to submit all things to the judgment of the Catholic Church and its supreme pastor and judge on eailh, the Roman pontiff, and if anything has been spoken in error that it be considered as unsaid. In his com- mentaries he evcrynliere endeavours to arrive at the literal meaning of the author, with great judgment, acumen, and erudition. He refutes objections, as occasion arises, with calmness and freedom from ]ias- sion. No .serious student of the Epistles can afford to neglect this work. Home, a Protestant writer (In- trod., London, 1834, II, 293), says that it is "a most

valuable work, which Romanists and Protestants alike concur to recommend as an excellent critical help to the exposition of the Apostolic Epistles. The pref- aces of Est are particularly valuable." His other works are: "Commentarii in IV libros Sententiarum Petri Lombardi" (Douai, 1615); " Annotationes in pr.Tcipua et difficiliora S. Scripture loca" (Douai, 1617); "Historia Mart\Tum Gorcomiensium" (Douai 1603; also in the "Acta SS." for July, II, 754-847). He also translated the life of Blessed Edmund Cam- pion, S.J., from French into Latin, and left copious notes for a new edition of the works of St. Augustine. Historia Marlrirum Gorcomiensium (Douai, 1603); Meuffei.s, Lcs Martyrs de Gorcum, (Paris, 190S); short Life prefixed to the Louvain ed. of his commentarj*. and the Eulogium by Hoy, ibid.: HuRTER, Nomenclator, s. v. Estius and Lessius; "Rapin, Histoire du Jansenisme (Paris, 1840), i.

C. Ahebne.

Establishment (or Established Chttrch), The. — The union of Church and State setting up a definite and distinctive relation between the two is frequently expressed in English by the use of the word "estab- lishment", applied to such union in both Catholic and Protestant States, in spite of the fimdamental differ- ences of principle which characterize them. "The Establishment", or "the Established Church" is often used as a distinctive name for the ecclesiastical system established by law in Scotland, in Ireland (until 1869), but especially in England. The pre-Reformation Church of England was the religion of the people and its establishment was the spontaneous act of the people; the distinctive feature of the post-Reforma- tion church is that it was imposed upon the people by legal enactment, and based upon the principle of royal supremacy. Papal jurisdiction was not simply swept away but was transferred entire to the Crown. And except for the brief return to Catholic unity under Mary (1553-1558) and during the Com- monwealth (1649-1600), the arrangements then made have continued to limit the liberty of action of the Anglican body alike in matters doctrinal and discip- linary. Convocation cannot meet, discuss, or enact new canons without royal permission (25 Hen. VIII, c. 19); the effective nomination of archbishops and bishops, etc., rests with the Crown (25 Hen. VIII, c. 19); supreme spiritual and ecclesiastical jurisdic- tion is annexed to the Crown (25 Hen. VIII, 19, cf. 1 Eliz., c. 1). Moreover, no modification of its formu- laries or doctrines has been permitted without the sanction of an act of Parliament. The term " by law established", .as applied to the Church of England, is first met with in the canons of the Convocation of 1004 (c. iii), which declares "that the Church of England by law established imder the King's Majesty" is a true and Apostolic Church. It is of frequent occurrence in subsequent statutes. The term "estabhshed" was applied to the prescribing and settling by law of the liturgical formularies of the English Church in the Act "of Uniformity, 1558 (1 Eliz., c. 2, §27). (See .Anglicanism; CorrvocATiON of the English Clergy.)

Gibson, Codex Juris Ecdesiastici Anglic2ni (London, 1713); Newm.\n, Present Position of Catholics in England (Ijondon, 1S51). Lect. ii; Phillimore, The Ecclesiastical Law of the Church of England (lK)ndon, 1895); Henson, Cross-Bench Views of Current Church Questions (Ixindon, 1902); McMullan AND Elus, The Reformation Selltcment (London. 1903); Acton, Ilistoru of Freedom and other Essays (London, 1907); Hexson, Our National Church (London, .1908).

Bern.\rd Ward.

Estaing Jean-Baptiste-Charles-Henri-Hector, CoMTE d', Marquis de Saillans, a French ad- miral, b. at the chdteau de Ravel (.\uvergne), 28 No- vember, 1729; d. at Paris, 28 April, 1794. He first served in the army as a colonel of infantry. In 1757, having obtained the rank of brigadier-general, he went to the East Indies, with Lally-Tollcndal. Made a prisoner at the siege of Madras (1759), he was set free