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readjusted ecclesiastical relations for Ermland as well as tor the whole of Prussia. The Diocese of Ermland now received not only the territory which had been forcibly taken from it at the time of the Reformation, but there were incorporated in it as well the whole of the former Diocese of Samland, five deaneries of the former Diocese of Pomesanien, and, in 1S54, the coun- try surrounding Marienwenler. Among the more important Bishops of Ermland during the nineteenth century were: Philippus Krementz (1S67-S5), later cardinal and Archbishop of Cologne, and the successor of Bishop Krementz, Andreas Thiel (18S5-190S) ; after the death of the latter (17 July, 1908), Professor Au- gust Bludau of Munster, a native of Ermland, was elected bishop of the diocese (26 Nov., 1908).

ST.4.TISTICS. — The Diocese of Ermland includes the whole province of East Prussia, which is composed of the government districts of AUenstein, Kiinigsberg, and Gumbinnen, but those parts are excepted of the circles (subdivisions of a district) of Neidenburg and Osterode that belong to the Diocese of Culm; in the province of West Prussia Ermland includes the urban and rural circles of Elbing and the circle of Marienburg, all of which are in the government district of Danzig; also the whole circle of Stuhm and a part of the circle of Marienwerder in the government district of Marien- werder belong to the diocese. It is also divided into the following sLxteen deaneries, each of which is under the direction of an archpriest: AUenstein, Brauns- berg, Elbing, Guttstadt, Heilsberg, Littauen, Marien- burg, Mas>iren, Mehlsack, Xeuteich, Ros.sel, Samland, Seeburg, Stuhm, Wartenburg, Wormditt. In 1908 there were 141 parishes; 37 curacies and vicariates; 67 chaplaincies; 335 diocesan priests viz.: 171 parish priests and curates, 98 assistants, chaplains, and hold- ers of benefices, 66 priests in other positions. Reli- gious — Sisters of St. Catherine, 4 mother-houses (Braunsberg, Heilsberg, Rossel, Wormditt), 82 branch houses, and 364 religious; Grey Sisters (Sisters of St. Elizabeth), 4 houses and 69 religious; Sisters of St. Vincent de Paul, 2 houses, 17 religious. The Catholic higher schools of learning are, the Royal Lyceum Hosianum with philosophical and theological facul- ties, opened in 1818; at the close of 1908 the lyceum had 9 regular professors, 1 adjunct professor, 1 Privat- dozent (instructor), 39 students; the seminary for priests at Braunsberg, reorganized in 1832; the gym- nasium at Braunsberg, reopened in 181 1 ; the progym- nasium (studies not carried so far as in a gymnasium) at Rossel, founded in 1833, and the episcopal semi- naries for boys at Braunsberg and Rossel, which are carried on in connexion with the last two institutions. The cathedral chapter is established at Frauenburg in the circle (subdistrict) of Braunsberg; since 1800 this city has also been the see of the bishop. The chapter consists of 8 canons, including the two dignitaries, a cathedral provost and a cathedral dean, 4 honorary canons, 5 cathedral vicars. Pope Benedict XIV granted the pallium and the crux gestntoria to the bishops. In 1901 Dr. Eduard Herrmann, a canon of the cathedral, was appointed auxiliary bishop and titular of the See of Cybistra. The Catholics number 327,567 in a total population of about 2,000,000. The most important building of the diocese is the Cathedral of the Assumption at Frauenburg. It is a splendid Gothic structure built of brick and begun by Bishop Heinrich II (1329-34); the choir was conse- crated in 1342 and the nave, commenced in 1355, was completed in 13S8 when the fine vestibule was finished. The best -known and most visited place of pilgrimage in the diocese is Heiligelinde.

Treterus, De episcopniu el episcopis ecclesits Varmiensis (Cracow, 1037): Tylkowski, Arm graiitudinia: Etoffia epia- coporum Varmiensium (Braunsberg, 1653); Wydzga, Series episcopoTum Varmiensium (Oliva. 16J1); Beckmann, De prima episcopo VarmiiE commenlalio (Braunsberg, 18.54); Hist. Roc. OF Ermland, Monumenta hiMorice Warmiensii oder Quellrn- sammluna zur Geschichte Ermlands (Mainz and Braunsberg, 1858-1906); Hiplbr, LUeraturgeschichle dea Bialhums Ermland

(Braunsberg and Leipzig, 1873): Dittrich, Die mittelalterliche Kunsl im Ordensland Preussen (Cologne, 1887); Bbi ning, Std- lung des Bistums Ermland zum deidschen Orden^ im Viitihrigen Slddtekriege in AUpreussische Monatsschrift (Konigsberg, 1892), XXIX; (Konigsberg, 1S9S), XXXII; Botticheb, Bau- und Kunatdenkmaler der Provinz Ostpreussen (Konigsberg, 1894), Pt. IV: Das Ermland: Bochholz, Abriss einer Geschichte Ermlands (Braunsberg, 1903).

Grfgor Reinhold.

Eman, name of four Irish saints. O'Hanlon enum- erates twenty-five saints bearing the name Ernan, Er nain, or Ernin; it is, therefore, not surprising thai their Acts have become confused.

(1) St. Ern.\n, Son of Eogan, d. about 640. He is mentioned in the Martyrology of Tallagh on 1 January. He was a nephew of St. (iolumba, Feilim or Feidh- limidh (St. Columba's father) being his paternal grandfather. Owing to this relationship, some writers have mistaken our saint for Ernan of Hinba, an uncle of St. Columba. His monastery in Ireland was at Dniim-Tomma in the district of Drumhome, County Donegal. Adamnan relates the wonderful vision he had on the night St. Columba died (Vit. S. Col., Ill, 23). Eman, with some companions, was fishing in the River Finn, in Donegal. Suddenly at midnight he beheld the whole sky brightly illumi- nated. Looking towards the east he perceived an im- mense pillar of fire shining as the sun at noonday. This marvellous light then passed into the heavens, and a great darkness followed, as after the setting of the sun. This wonderfid occurrence was related to Adamnan by Ernan himself, who at the time is de- scribed as "a very old man, a servant of Christ, whose name may be rendered Ferreolus, but in Irish Ernene (of the clan Mocufirroide), who, himself also a holy monk, is buried in the Ridge of Tomma (Drumhome) among the remains of other monks of St. Columba, awaiting the resurrection of the saints". Some writers style this St. Ernan, Abbot of Druim Tomma. It is uncertain whether he visited Scotland, never- theless he is regarded as patron saint of Killernan, in Ross-shire; and it may be that the dedications of Kilviceuen (church of the son of Eogan) in Mull, and of Kilearnadale in Jura, Argjdeshire, are in his hon- our. In the "Scottish Kalendars", collected by Bishop Forbes, his name appears as Ethernanus, and his commemoration is assigned to 21 and 22 Decem- ber (pp. 170, 222, 243).

CoLGAN, Acta SS. Hib., 1 Jan.; Forbes. Kalendars of Scottish Saints; O'Hanlon, Livea of the Irish Saints ( Dublin, 1873), I, 21 ; Adamn'an, ed. Reeves, Life of St. Columba, III, 23 ; Gam- mack in Diet. Christ. Biog., s. v.

(2) St. Ernan, Abbot of Hinba, lived in the sixth century. He was uncle of St. Columba, and one of the twelve who accompanied him from Ireland to lona. He was brother of Ethnea, St. Columba's mother, and son of Dima, the son of Noe of the race of C'athaeir Ivor (Reeves, notes, p. 263). St. Columba appointed him superior of the community which he himself had established on the island of Hinba. The identity of Hinba has not been established with certainty. It may be Canna, about four miles N. W. of Rum (ibid., p. 264) ; but more likely it is Eilean-na-Naoimh, one of the Gaveloch Isles, between Scarba and Mull (Fow- ler's Adamnan, p. 87). Hinba was a favourite place of resort for St. Columba. There he was visited by St. Comgall, St. Cannich, St. Brendan, and St. Cormac. At the request of these holy men, St. Columba cele- brated Mass, during which St. Brendan beheld a lumi- nous globe of fire above St. Columba's head. It con- tinued burning and rising up like a column of flame, till the Holy Mysteries had been completed (.\damnan, III, xvii). On another occasion, while visiting St. Er- nan's monastery in Hinba. St. Columba was favoured with heavenly visions and revelations which lasted threedays and nights (Adamnan, III, xviii). The death of St. Ernan was tragic. Being seized with an illness, he desired to be carried to lona. St. Columba, greatly