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 ENGEL

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ENGELBERT

Dictionnaire de la Bible (Paris. 1S99), II, 1796 sqq.; Baedeker- Benziger. Palestina und ."iyrien toth ed.), 19S; Survei/ of West- em Palestine: Memoirs (London. 1SS1-S3), III, 384-86; Neu- BAUER, La geographie du Talmud (Paris, 186S), 160.

A. J. Maas.

Engel, LuDwiG, canonist, b. at Castle Wagrein, Austria; d. at Grillenberg, 22 April, 1674. He became a Benedictinein the monastery of Molk (Melk), 10 Sep- tember, 1654, and, at the order of his abbot, applied himself to the study of law at the University of Salz- burg, where theological studies were committed to the care of the Benedictines. He was proclaimed doc- tor of civil and canon law in 1657, ordained priest in the following year, and was soon professor of canon law at this university. His profound knowledge and personal qualities procured for him the most honour- able functions. In 1669 he was unanimously chosen vice-chancellor of the imiversity. He left Salzburg in 1674 at the invitation of the Abbot of Molk, who was desirous that Engel should be known and appreciated by the religious of this monastery, in order to be chosen as his successor. The death of Engel, which occurred in the same year, prevented this plan from being realized. His principal works are: "Manuale parochorum" (Salzburg, 1661); "Forum competens" (Salzburg, 1663); "Tractatus de privilegiis et juribus monasteriorum" (Salzburg, 1664); and especially his "Collegium universi juris eanonici", etc. (Salzburg, 1671-1674), a work remarkable for its conciseness, clearness, and solidity. It has placed its author in the first rank among Benedictine canonists. The fifteenth edition appeared in 1770. A compendium or summary of this work was published in 1720 by Mainardus Schwartz.

ZlEGELBAUER. HistoTia Htteraria ordinis Sancti Benedicti (Augsburg, 1734), III, 401, IV, 231, 238, 593; Schulte, Geschichte der Quellen ttnd Literatur des canonischen Rechts (Stuttgart, 1875-80), III. 150; Eberl in Kirchenlex, s. v.; Keiblinger, Oeach. von Melk (1867), I, 899.

A. Van Hove.

Engelberg, Abbey of, a Benedictine monastery in Switzerland, formerly in the Diocese of Constance, but now in that of Chur. It is dedicated to Our Lady of the Angels and occupies a commanding position at the head of the Nidwalden valley in the Canton Unterwal- den. It was founded in 1082 by Blessed Conrad, Count of Sekleiiburen, the first abbot being Blessed Adelhelm, a monk of the Abbey of St. Blasien in the Black Forest, under whom the founder himself re- ceived the habit and ended his days there as a monk. Numerous and extensive rights and privileges were granted to the new monastery by various popes and emperors, amongst the earliest being Pope Callistus II, in 1124, and the Emperor Henry IV. The abbey was placed under the immediate jurisdiction of the Holy See, which condition continued until the formation of the Swiss Congregation in 102, when Engelberg united with the other monasteries of Switzerland and be- came subject to a president and general chapter. In spiritual matters the abbots of Engelberg exercised quasi-episcopal jurisdiction over all their vassals and dependents, including the town which sprang up around the walls of the abbey, and also enjoyed the right of collation to all the parishes of the Canton. In temporal matters they had supreme and absolute authority over a large territory, embracing one hun- dred and fifteen towns and villages, which were incor- porated under the abbatial rule by a Bull of Pope Gregory IX in 1236. These and other rights they en- joyed until the French Revolution, in 1798, when most of them were taken away. The prominent position in Switzerland which the abbey occupied for so many centuries was seriously threatened by the religious and political disturbances of the Reformation period, espe- cially by the rapid spread of the Zwinglian heresy, and for a time its privileges suffered some curtailment. The troubles and vicissitudes, however, through which

it passed, were happily brought to an end by the wise rule of Abbot Benedict Sigrist, in the seventeenth cen- tury, who is justly called the restorer of his monas- tery. Alienated possessions and rights were recovered by him and the good work he began was continued by his successors, under whom monastic discipline and learning have flourished with renewed vigour. The library, which is said to have contained over twenty thousand volumes and two hundred choice M.SS., was unfortunately pillaged bj' the French in 1798. The abbey buildings were almost entirely destroyed by fire

in 1729 but were rebuilt in a substantial, if not very beautiful style and so remain to the present day. The monastery is now (1909) in a very flourishing state, having a community of about fifty and a school of over a hundred boys. The monks have charge of the par- ish of two thousand souls attached to the abbey and also minister to the needs of seven convents of nuns in the vicinity. In 1S73 a colony from Engelberg founded the Abbey of New Engelberg, at Conception, Missouri, U. S. A. Abbot Leodegar Scherer, elected in 1901, was the fifty-third abbot of the monastery.

Sainte-Marthe, Gallia Christiana (Paris, 1781). V; Migne. Diet, des abbayes (Paris, 1856); Brunner, Ein Benediktiner- buch (Wiirzburg. 1880); Album Benedictinum (St. Vincent's, Pennsylvania, 1880).

G. Cyprian Alston.

Engelbertof Cologne, S.vint, archbishop of that city (121l)-r225) ;b. atBerg, about 1185; d. near Schwelm, 7 November, 1225. His father was Engelbert, Count of Berg, his mother, Margaret, daughter of the Count of Gelderland. He studied at the cathedral school of Cologne and while still a boy was, according to an abuse of that time, made provost of the churches of St. George and St. Severin at Cologne, and of St. Mary's at Aachen. In 1199 he was elected provost of the cathedral at Cologne. He led a worldly life and in the conflict between Archbishops Adolf and Bruno sided with his cousin Adolf, and waged war for him. He was in consequence excommunicated by the pope together with his cousin and deposed in 1206. After his submission he was reinstated in 1208 and, to atone for his sin, joined the crusade against the Albigenses in 1212. On 29 Feb., 1216, the chapter of the cathe- dral elected him archbishop by a unanimous vote. In appearance he was tall and handsome. He posses- sed a penetrating mind and keen discernment, was kind and condescending and loved justice and peace, but he was also ambitious and self-willed. His archi- episcopal see had passed through severe struggles and suffered heavily, and he worked strenuously to repair the damage and to restore order. He took care of its possessions and revenues and was on that account compelled to resort to arms. He defeated the Duke of Limburg and the Count of Cleves and defended against them also the Countship of Berg, which he had inherited in 1218 on the death of his brother. He