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 ENDA

421

ENDOWMENT

Steadily the new current of thought gained in volume and power, until nothing could stop its destructive course. The French Revolution, following closely upon the publication of the Encyclopedic and the other works of the Encyclopedists, was the practical result of the general spirit which these represented. .Bruketiere, Etudes criliques sur Vhistmre de la litterature

frajicaise (Paris, 1S96 ); in these Etudes are found several

essays on men and events related to the Encyclop^die; Id., Manuel de I'hisloire de la litterature fran^nise (2d ed., Paris. 1899) and the sources indicated in it, especially the Memoires and the Correspondances of the Encyclopedists; Id., Les origines de Vesprit encydopedique in Revue hebdoTtiadaire (November, 197), 141. 281, 421; Damiron'. Memoires pour serxnr h I'his- loire de la philosophie au XVIII' siede (Paris, 1858-1864); Dc- CROS, Diderot (Paris, 1894); Id., Le^ Encydopedistes (Paris, 1900); DuPRAT, Encydopedistes (Paris, 1866); Lanfrey, L'Eglise et les philosophes au dix-huitieme siede (Paris. 1879); Levy Bhuhl, The Encydopedists in Open Court, XIII (1899), 129; Morley, Diderot and the Encyclopedists (2d ed., Lon- don, 1886); RosENKRAXz. Diderots Leben und Werke (Leipzig, 1866); Wadia, The Philosophers and the French Revohition (London, 104); V^^lsitv:l.BAyD, GeschichtederneuerenPhilosophie (4th ed., Leipzig. 1907); Lyon'S in Encyclopedia Britannica (9th ed.), VIII, 197; Riaux in France. Dic/ionnoiredcs sciences philosophiques (2d ed., Paris, 1885), 445.

C. A. DUBRAY.

Enda, S.-iiNX. See Ar.\n, The Monastic School

OF.

Endlicher, Steph.\n L-\DisLArs, Austrian botan- ist (botanical abbreviation, Endl.), linguist, and his- torian, b. at Pressburg, Hungary, 24 June, 1804; d. at Vienna, 28 March, IS49. The son of a physician, he studied philosophy at Pesth and Vienna, and theology from 1823 to 1826 at Vienna; he did not, however, enter the priesthood. From 1826 at Pressburg he turned his attention to languages, studying especially Chinese, a knowledge of which is shown in some of his later works: " Anfangsgriinde der chinesischen Gram- matik" (Vienna, 1844), and "Atlas von China nach der Aufnahme der Jesuiten" (Vienna, 1843). Urged by his father, Endlicher took up the study of botany in 1826, and devoted all his spare time to it during the years 1828-36, when he had charge of the MSS. in the Imperial Library of Vienna. In this same period he issued as librarian, in addition to a number of works on the ancient classical, German, and Hungarian lit- eratures, the first volume (Vienna, 1836) of the MS. catalogue of the Imperial Library. In 1836, he was made curator of the botanical department of the Royal Natural History Museum, and in 1840, profes- sor of botany at the University of Vienna, and director of the Botanical Garden of the University. In 1830, he had issued his first botanical treatise, that on the flora of Pressburg. As curator of the botanical department he united the various distinct herbaria into one scientifically arranged general herbarium, to which he added, as a gift, his own containing 30,000 species of plants; the classification adopted by End- licher remained unchanged until 1885. On his ap- pointment as curator he began at once to develop his botanical system, which is explained in his well-known and most important work: " Genera plantarum secun- dum ordinc* naturalcs disposita" (Vienna, 1836-.50), a work regarded a.s one of the fundamental writings of systematized botany.

As early as 1835 he founded the first periodical in Austria for the natural sciences, the "Annalen des Wiener Museums der Naturgeschichte". His numer- ous other writings on botanical subjects show an in- dependent critical ju<lgment, acute observ'ation, and comprehensive knowledge. Endlicher also collabor- ated in a number of publications with other botanists; with Schott, Fenzl, and especially with Unger in "(inindziigederBotanik" (Vienna, 1843); with Poppig in a work on the plants of Chile. Peru, and the region of the .Amazon (Leipzig. 183,5-45); also in conjunction with the .\merican .Asa Gray, and with George Bentham and Robert Brown of Great Britain. Up to the time of his death Endlicher aided von Martius in editing

the latter's great work "Flora Brasiliensis " (Munich and Leipzig, 1840-1906); the work, a folio costing 6000 marks, was finally completed in 130 parts of 20,733 pages in all, and containing 3811 plates. It was through Endlicher's exertions that von Martius was enabled to begin the bringing out of this work under the patronage, and with the financial aid, of the Emperor Ferdinand I. Endlicher's botanical MSS. and correspondence belong to the botanical depart- ment of the Royal Museum at Vienna; his correspond- ence with L'nger was published by the botanist Haber- • landt (Berlin, 1S99). In addition to his other labours, he had a large share in founding (184(}-47) the Im- perial Academy of Sciences of \'ienna, and was one of its first forty members. Endlicher became involved in the political movement of 1848; he was elected a member both of the German and the Austrian parlia- ments, but his political activities were not success- ful. Botanists have, on three occasions, sought .to use his name as a designation of species of plants (Endlichera, Endlicheria), but according to the rules of the botanical nomenclature, such appellations ex- press svnonj-ms which should be avoided.

Von Beck in Botan. CentralblaU (Cassel, 1888), XXXIII, 249; Neilreich in Verhandl. des zool,~bot. Vereins (Vienna, 1.S55). V. 51; Sachs, Geschichte der Botanik (Munich, 1875); WuRZBACH in Biograph. Lexicon des Kaisertums Oesterreich (Vienna, 1858), IV, contains a list of his writings; Die botani- schen Anslalten Wiens (Vienna, 1894); Botanik und Zoologie in Oesterreich (Vienna, 1901) contains a portrait ot Endlicher.

Joseph Rompel. End of Man. See M-\n.

Endowment (Ger. Stijtung, Fr. jondation, It. jon- dazione, Lat. jundatio), a property, fund, or revenue permanently appropriated for the support of any per- son, institution, or object, as a student, professorship, school, hospital. The term is more frequently applied to the establishment of eleemosynary corporations by private endowment. In ecclesiastical circles the word is employed also in a more restricted sense, signifying a conditional donation or legacy, i. e. the establish- ment of a fund, by the provisions of a last will or otherwise, in order to secure permanently, or at least for a long time, some spiritual benefit, as, for instance, the offering and application of a monthly or annual Mass.

The early Christians were lavish in their support of religion, and frequently turned their possessions over to the Church [Lallemand, "Hist, de la charity" (Paris, 1903), II; L'hlhorn, " Hist, of Christ. Charity"; Hefele, " Christenthum u. Wohlthatigkeit" in his "Beitrage", I, 175]. The Emperor Justinian (No- vella Ixvii) compelled those who built churches to en- dow them; and about the same time, ecclesiastical legislation prescribed that no cleric was to be ordained for a church without proper provision for his main- tenance (Counc. of Epaon, 517, c. xxv). Whoever de- sired to have a parish church on his estate was obliged to set aside a sufficient landed endowment for its clerics (IV Cotmc. of Aries, 541, c. xxxiii); while a bishop was forbidden to consecrate a church till the endowment had been properly secured by a deed or charter (II Counc. of Braga, 572, c. v). If one who held a fief from the king built and endowed churches, the bishop was required to procure the royal confir- mation of the gift (III Counc. of Toledo, 589, c. xv). Ancient and noble Roman families, as well as others of less means, inspired by feelings of love and grati- tude, made large bequests to the Church. In the fifth centurj', in countries inhabited by German tribes, the Church was endowed especially with lands. The.se possessions were lost during the political and social upheaval that followed the Germanic invasions, known as the Wanderings of Nations. Towards the end of Charlemagne's reign the regenerated peoples con- tributed once more voluntarily and generously to the support of ecclesiastical institutions.