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 ENCYCLOPEDISTS

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ENCYCLOPEDISTS

verselle ", e J. Vivien de Saint-Martin 1 7 vols, and suppl ., 1879-97); "General Dictionary of Geography", ed. Johnston (Edinburgh, 1877) ; " Dizionario universale di geografia e storia", ed. Strafforello and Griinaldi- Costa (.Milan, 1873-77, suppl., 1888). Pedagogj': "Encyk. des ges. Erziehungs- und Unterrichts- wesens", ed. K. A. Schmid (10 vols., 1857-78; 2nd ed., Gotha, 1876-88); " KatholischeEncyk.furPadagogik" (Freiburg im Br., 1909 — ) ; " Cyelopsediaof Education", ed. Kiddle and .Schem (N'ew York, 1877). Mathe- matics: " Encyklopadie der mathematischen Wissen- schaften", ed. Burkhardt and Meyer. Chemistry: " Handworterbuch der Chemie". ed. Liebig and Pog- gendorff (1836-64; new ed., 1870). Art and music: " Eneyclop^die historique et arch^ologique des beaux- arts plastiques", ed. Demmin (3 vols., Paris, 1865-70); "Dictionary of .-Vrts, Manufactures and Mines", ed. Ure (4th ed., London, 1875-78); Gwilt, "Eneyclopay dia of Architecture (new ed., London, 1894); "Diet, raisorme de I'architecture fran^aise ", ed. VioUet-le- Duc (10 vols., and suppl., Paris, 1875-89); ",\llge- meines Kiinstlerlexikon ". ed. Fiissli (1763-77) ; " Xeues allgemeines Kunstlerlexikon", ed. Nagler (22 vols., Munich, 1835-.52); "Allgemeines Kiinstlerlex.", ed. Miiller and .Singer (3rded., 5 vols., 1895-1901; suppl. 1906) ; .\llgemeines Kiinstlerlex.", ed. Seubert (3 vols., Frankfort, 1879); " Kiinsterlexikon ", ed. Thieme (Leipzig, 1907 — ); "Musikalisches Konversations- Lexikon ", ed. Mendel and Reissmann (2 vols, and suppl., Berlin, 1870-8.3); "Musik-Lexikon", ed. Rie- mann (4th ed., 1894) ; " Biographie universelle des musi- cians ",ed.Fetis and Pougin (2nd ed., 8 vols., 1860-65; 2 suppl. vols., 1878-81); "Dictionarj' of Music", ed. Grove (4 vols, and suppl., London. 1878-89; 2nded., 1905 — ) ; " Quellen-Lexikon filr Musik", ed. Eitner (10 vols., 1900).

Besides these general encyclopedias dealing with different arts and sciences, there are also special tech- nical dictionaries devoted to departments of each science, often treating recondite subjects, but in the hands of scholars facilitating acquaintance with the details of these sciences.

Joseph Sauer.

Encyclopedists. — (1) The writers of the eighteenth century who edited or contributed articles to the " Encyclopedie ". (2) Those among them especially who belonged to the "philosophic" party, joined in the "illumination" movement, and may be grouped together because of a certain community of opinions on philosophical, religious, moral, and social questions.

I. The Encyclopedie .\xd the Encyclopedists. — The " Encyclopedie,ouDictionnaireraisonne des scien- ces, des arts et des metiers, par une societe de gens de lettres, mis en ordre et public par M. Ditlerot . . . et quant a la partie mathematique par M. d'.\lembert ..." in the complete original edition comprises 35 folio volumes as follows: 17 vols, of text (Paris, 1751- 1765) ; 11 vols, of plates (Paris, 1762-1772) ; 5 vols, of supplement, i. e. 4 of text and 1 of plates (.\msterdam and Paris, 177(5-1777); 2 vols, of analytical index prepared by Pierre Mouchon (.Vmsterdam and Paris, 1780). In 1745, a French translation of Chambers's " Cyeloptedia", prepared by John Mills with the as.sist- ance of Gottfried Sellius, was to be published in Paris by the king's printer, Le Breton, .\fter the necessary royal privilege had been obtained, a number of <liffi- culties between Mills and Le Breton caused the failure of the enterprise, and Mills returned to England. Le Breton asked Jean-Paul de Gua. professor in the Col- lege de France, to assume the editorship and revise the manuscripts. But again misunderstandings and dis- putes obliged de Gua to resign. Diderot was then called upon to complete the preparation of the manu- scripts. At his suggestion, however, it was decide<l to undertake a more original and more comprehensive work. Diderot's friend, d'Alembert, agreed to edit

the mathematical sciences. Diderot (1713-84) had not yet written any original work except the " Pensees philosophiques " (1746), in which the foundations of Christianity are examined and undermined, revelation rejected, and reason proclaimed independent. The Parliament had ordered the book to be burnt. The " Promenade d'un sceptique" was written in 1747, but not published before the author's death. Diderot had also published a translation of Stanyan's " Grecian History" (1743) and an adaptation of Shaftesbury's "Inquiry concerning Virtue and Merit" under the title "Principes de la philosophic, ou Essai sur le merite et la vertu" (1745). His main recommenda- tion as editor of the new Encyclopedie, however, was the " Dictionnaire universel de medecine" (1746- 1748), a translation of Dr. Robert James's "Medical Dictionary". D'.\lembert (1717-83) was already famous as a mathematician. .\t the age of twenty- two he had presented two studies to the Academie des Sciences, "Sur la refraction des corps solides" (1739), and "Sur le calcul integral" (1740). The following year he was elected a member of the .\cademie. He had acquired a still greater reputation by his "Traits de dj-namique" (1743) and the " Memoire sur la cause generale des vents" (1747), the latter winning for its author the prize offered by the Berlin Academy and membership in that body.

While the articles were being printed Diderot was imprisoned at Vincennes, 29 July, 1749, for his " Let- tre sur les aveugles a I'usage de ceux qui voient", or rather for a passage in it which had displeased Madame Dupre de Saint-Maur. After four months his pub- lishers obtained his release; in November, 1750, the Encyclopedie was announced in a prospectus by Dide- rot, and, in July, 1751, the first volume was pub- lished. It opened with a " Discours pr^liminaire " by d'Alembert, in which the problem of the origin of ideas is solved according to Locke's sensualism, and a classification of sciences is proposed which, except in a few minor points, is that of Bacon. In the prospectus Diderot had already said: " If we succeed in this vast enterprise our principal debt will be to Chancellor Bacon who sketched the plan of a universal dictionary of sciences and arts at a time when there were, so to say, neither sciences nor arts." D'.\lembert acknowl- edges the same indebtedness. Thus, British influence was considerable both in shaping the doctrine of the " Encyclopedie " and in bringing about its publication. The second volume appeared in January, 1752. In consequence of many protests against the spirit of the work, its sale was stopped, and later an arrit of the icing's Council suppressed both volumes as injurious to religion and royal authority (7 Febniary, 1752). Three months later, however, Diderot and d'.\lembert were asked to continue the work, a fact which they announce with pride in the preface to the third vol- ume (October, 1753). The following volumes were publLshed without any interruption until after the publication of the seventh volume (1757), when new diflficulties arose. In his article on Geneva, d'.\lem- bert had statetl that the ministers of that city were Socinians, and praised them for their unbelief. They protested strongly, and this was the occasion for bit- ter discussions in which Voltaire and Rousseau took a prominent part. The outcome was that d'.Membert, tired of vexations, resigned the editorship. Rousseau also ceased to have anything to do with the Encyclo- pedic, and thenceforth showed a vehement hostility to it. On the other hand, there were so many demmcia- tions that finally an arrit of the Council (S March, 1759) revoked the privilege granted in 1746, and for- bade the sale of the volumes already printed and the printing of any future volume. .\nd yet, under the secret protection of Choiseul, Madame de Pompadour, Malcshcrbes, then director-general of the Librairie, and Sartine, the chief of police, work was resumed almost immediately. The ten remaining volumes