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 ENCYCLOPEDIA

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ENCYCLOPEDIA

bilious "Biblioteca universale " of Coronelli (7 vols., Venice, 1701) remained incomplete; the immense "Grosses, vollstiindiges Universal-Lexikon aller Wis- senschaften und Kimste'', edited by J. P. von Ludewig, Frankenstein, Longolius, and others and published by Zedler (04 vols, and 4 suppl. vols., Leipzig, 1731-54), was brought to completion. About the same time there appeared in France the great encyclopedia of Diderot and d'Alembert who were assisted in their work by munerous champions of rationalism, e. g. Voltaire, d'Holbach, Rousseau, and Grimm : " Encyclopedic ou Dictionnaire raisonne d^ sciences, des arts et des metiers" (28 vols., Paris, 1751-72, with 5 supplementary volumes, Amsterdam, 1776-77, and 2 vols, of analytical index, Paris, 1780). This resembles the German work in breadth of scope, but had much greater influence on European thought, popularizing as it did the empiricism, sensism, and materialism of Locke. The first edition of 30,000 copies was followed by many later editions.

The encyclopedia of Diderot paved the way for the alphabetic encyclopedia. It was not only frequently reprinted but was re-arranged as a system of separate dictionaries by Panckoucke and Agasse in the " En- cyclopi^die methodique ou par ordre des matieres" (166 vols, of text and 51 vols, of illustrations; Paris, 1782-1832). In Germany the first encyclopedia modelled on Diderot's, by Kiister and Roos, only reached Kinol (23 vols., Frankfort, 177S-1S04); the next attempt, however, made on a large scale by Ersch and Ciruber, proved a success. This is consid- ered the most scientific German encyclopedia, "Allge- meine EncyklopadiederWissenschaften und Kunste", begun by Professor Johann Samuel Ersch in 1813 and continued by Professors Hufeland, Gruber, Meier, Brockhaus, Mtiller, and Hoffmann. The work is di- vided into three sections: Section I, A to G, 99 vols. (1818-82); Section II, H to K. 43 vols. (1827-90); Section III, O to Z, 25 vols. (1830^50). Equally am- bitious in scope is the " Oekonomisch-technolog. En- cykl." (242 vols., Berlin, 1773-1858), planned by Ivriinitz as a dictionary of economics and technol- ogy, but gradually enlarged by his successors Florke, Korth, and C. O. Hoffmann into a general encyclope- dia. Outside of the encyclopedia of Ersch and Gru- ber, the most ambitious encyclopedic work of the nineteenth century, the model of encyclopedic pre- sentation, is the Brockhaus " KonversationslexLkon ", which took its name from Hiibner, and from Bayle's "Dictionnaire" its arrangement and plan of pre- senting the results of scientific research and discov- ery in a popular form. Hiibner gave as the reason for naming his work "Reales-Staats-Zeitungs-und Konversations-Lexikon " the fact that " it was to con- tain no professorial learning but all items of refined learning needed in daily intercourse with educated people". As it was printed chiefly to satisfy people of a curious turn of mind, it was confined principally to geography, while history was excluded as a special science. The first encyclopedia according to modern ideas was begun \>y Lobel in 1796 (6 vols., Amsterdam, isos; 2 supplementary vols., 1810). In ISOOthe pub- lishing rights were acquired by Friedrich ArnoM Brockhaus; the firm of Brockhaus completely altered theori«inal plan and is still engaged on the work (14th ed., 1901— abridged ed., 2 vols., 4th ed., 1S88). Con- structed on the same lines as the encyclopedia of Brockhaus is Picrer's " Universallexikon " (26 vols., 1824-36; 7th ed., 12 vols., 1888-93), to which were added the Pierer "Jahrbvicher der Wissenschaften, Kiinste und Gcwerbe " (186,5-73); similar works are Mever's "Konversations-Lexikon" (37 vols., Leipzig, 1840-52; 6th ed., 20 vols., 1902; 7th ed., abridged, 6 vols., 1907) ami Spamer's " Illustriertes Konversa- tionslexikon " (8 vols., 1869-79; 2 supplementary vols., 1879-82; 2nd ed., 1884-91). These works were

inspired by a superficial rationalism, if not by con- scious hostility to everything Catholic. Early attempts were made to counteract this propaganda of religious indifferentism by the publication of ency- clopedias from the Catholic point of view, such as the " AUgemeine Realencyklopadie oder Konversations- Lexikon fiir das katholische Deutschland" (13 vols., 1846-49; 4th ed., 1880-90); and Herder's " Konver- sationslexikon" (5 vols., Freiburg, 1853-57); neither proved a thorough success. The third edition of the latter (8 vols., 1901-08), through its preservation of Catholic interests, by its imp.artiality, thoroughness, and comprehensiveness, gained general approval.

Encyclopedias have since been compiletl in all civil- ized countries. In France were published the " En- cyclopedic des gens du monde" (22 vols., 183.3-45); " Encyclop(5die du XIX""" siecle" (75 vols., 1837- 59; 3rd ed., 1867-72; continued as "Annuaire en- cyc."); " Encyclopedic moderne" (1846-51; new ed., 30 vols., 12 suppl. vols., atlas, 2 vols., 1856-62); "Dictionnaire de la conversation et de la lecture" (16 vols., 1851-5S); "La Grande Encyclopedic", com- piled by Bertholet, Dereubourg, and others (31 vols., 1885-1903); "Diet. univ. ", ed. Larousse (17 vols., 1865-90; new ed., 1895) ; " Nouveau Larousse illustrfi ", ed. Claude Auge (1898-1904); Larousse, "Diet, complet illustr^ " (129th ed., 1903). The chief Span- ish encyclopedias arc "Enciclopedia moderna", ed. Mellados (34 vols., 3 vols, of charts, Madrid, 1848-51) ; "Diccionario encic. Hispano- Americano", ed. Mon- taner y Simon (25 vols., Barcelona, 1887-99); and the " Enciclopedia universal ilustrada europeo- americana" (Barcelona, 1907 — ), edited along Catho- lic lines; Portugal: "Diccionario popular hist, geogr. mj-tholog. biograph." (16 vols., Lisbon, 187(5-90); "Diccionario universal portuguez", ed. Costa; "En- ciclopedia portugueza illustrada", ed. Lemos (254 nos. to 1903). Italy: " Nuova Encic. popolare italiana" (14 vols., Turin, 1841-51; 6th ed., 25 vols., 1875-89; suppl., 1889-99); " Enciclopedia popolare economica", ed. Berri (Milan, 1S71); "Dizionario universale di scienze, lettere ed arti", ed. Lessona and Valle (Milan, 1874-1883); " Piccola Enciclopedia" (Milan, 1891). Rumania: "Enciclop. Romiini" (3 vols., Hermannstadt, 1896-1903). England: "Encyclo- psedia Britannica" (1771; 9th ed., 24 vols, and in- dex, 1875-89, suppl., 11 vols., index and atlas, 1902- 03); "New Encyclopedia" of Rees (45 vols., Lon- don, 1802-20); "Encyclopaedia Metropolitana", ed. Smedley (30 vols., 18i8-45); "English Cyclopedia", ed. Knight (27 vols., 4 suppl., London, 1854-73); "Chambers's Encyclopaedia" (lO vols., London, 1860- 68; new ed., 1901); "Encyclopaedic Dictionary", ed. Hunter (7 vols., London, New York, 1879-88). United States: "The American Cyclopaedia" (16 vols.. New York, 1858-63; new ed., 1873-76); " Dcutsch-.\merikanisches Konversations-Lcx.", ed. Sehem (New York, 1870-74); "Johnson's New LTni- versal Encyc. " (4 vols.. New York, 1874-8; new ed., 8 vols., 1893-5); "The Encyclopedia Americana" (New York, 1903-06); "The New International En- cvclopa-dia" (17 vols.. New York. 1902-04); "The .Jewish Encyclopedia" (1906—). The Netherlands: '• Xiruwenliuis' Woordenboek van kunsten en weten- schapon" (I^yden, 1851-68); "Dealgemeene Neder- landschc Encyclopedic" (15 vols., Ziitphen, 186.')-6S); "Geillustreerde Encyclopaedic", ed. Winkler Priiis (15 vols., 1868-82); " Woordenboek voor kcnnis en kunst", cd. Sijthoff (Leyden, 1891). l)onniark and other northern countries: " Nordisk Konvcr.-iations- Icksikon", ed. MoUerup (3rd ed., Copenhagen. 1883- 94); "Store illustrerede Konversationslcksikon'', ed. Blangstrup (12 vols., Copenhagen. 1891-1901); " Norsk haandbog", ed. Johnsen (1879-88) ; " Nordisk Familjebog" (Stockholm, 1879-94); " Konversations- lcksikon", ed. Meijer (1889-94). Russia: "Enteiklo pedicheskij Slovaf ", ed. Brockhaus and Efron (35