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EMMERAM

his enemies, Rasin, King of Syria, and Phacee, King of the Gospel (Luke, xxiv, l.S-35), where Christ mani-

Israel (Is., vii, 1-9). And when the Prophet tried a festedHimself to two of His Disciples. Such is, indeed,

second time to restore his confidence, Achaz refused to the tradition of the Cliureh of Jerusalem, attested as

ask for the sign which (jod was ready to grant in con- early as the fourth century by Eusebius of Citsarea,

firmation of the prophetic promise (vii, 10-12). The Prophet, therefore, forces, in a way. King Achaz to confide in God, showing that the Messias, the hope of ^srael and the glory of tlie liouse of David, implies by his very name "Emmanuel", or "God with us", the Divine presence among liis people. A number of the Fathers, e. g. St. Irenajus, Lactantius, St. Epiphanius,

Titus of Bostra, and St. Jerome, a tradition confirmed by all pilgrims, at least to the time of the Crusades; it may even date back to the third century, to Julius Africanus and Origen. It is also supported by many Biblical commentaries, some of which are as old as the fourth or the fifth century; in these the Emmaus of the Gospel is said to have stood at 160 stadia from

St. Chrysostom, and Theodoret, regard the name Jerusalem, the modern 'Am'was being at 176 stadia.

" Emmanuel ", not merely as a pledge of Divine assists ance, but also as an expression of the mystery of the Incarnation by virtue of which the Messias will be "God with us" in very deed.

Hagen, Lexicon BibUcum (Paris, 1907), II. 170; Mangenot in ViG., Diet, de la Bible, s. v.; Condamin, Le Livre (V Isaie (Paris, 1905), pp. 62-67; Seisenberger in Kirchenlci., s. v.; Knab- ENBAUER. Erklarung des Frophiten hnias iKreihurs. ISSl), p. 125; Idem, Commenia I, 185 sqq.; Cheyne Encydoptsdia Bibl (New York, 1905), 2162 sqq.

A. J. Maas.

Emmaus, a titular see in Pal a; s tin a Prima, suffragan of ('tesarea. It is men- tioned for the first time in 106-165 B.C., when Jvidas Macha- beus defeated there the army of Gor- gias (I Mach., iii, 40, iv, 25). A little later the Syrian general Bacchides fortified and garrisoned it (Josephus, Ant. Jud., XIII, i, 3). InA.D.4, during the rebellion of Athrongius against the Romans, the in- habitants left their city, which was,

In spite of its antiquity, this tradition does not seem to be well founded. Most manuscripts and versions place Emmaus at only sixty stadia from Jerusalem, and they are more numerous and generally more ancient than those of the former group. It seems, therefore, very probable that the number 160 is a cor- rection of (Origen and his school to make the Gospel text agree with the Palestinian tradition of their time. Moreover, the dis- tance of 100 stadia would imply about six hours' walk, which is inadmis- sible, for the Dis- ciples had only gone out to the country and could return to Jersualem before the gates were shut (Mark, xvi, 12; Luke, xxiv, .33). Finally, the Emmaus of the Gospel is said to be a village, while 'Am- 'was was the flourish- ing capital of a " top- archy". Josephus (Ant. Jud., VII, vi, 6) mentions at sixty stadia from Jerusa- lem a village called Ammaus, where Ves- pasian and Titus sta- tioned 800 veterans. This is evidently the Emmaus of the Gospel. But it must have been destroyed at the time of the revolt of Bar-Cocheba (a. d. 132-35) under Hadrian, and its site was unknown as early as the third century. Ori- gen and his friends merely placed the Gospel Emmaus at Nicopolis, the only Emmaus known at their time. The identifications of Koubeibeh, Abou Gosh, Koulo- nieh, Beit Mizzeh, etc. with Emmaus, as proposed by some modern scholars, are inadmissible.

Reland, Palaslina (Utrecht, 1714), 425-30, 758-60; Pales- tine Exploration Fund, Quarterly Statement, 1876. 1879, 1881, 1883. 1884. 1885, etc.; Basbi, Emmalis, citth delta Palestina (Turin, 1888); Bcsselu, L'Emmaiis evangelico (Milan, 1885); Domenichelli, L'Emmaiis delta Palestina (Leghorn, 1889); Guillemot, Emmaiis-Nicopolis (Paris, 1886); Schiffers, Amwas, das Emmaus des hi. Lucas, 160 Stadien von Jerusalem. (Freiburg im Br., 1890); Revue biblique (1893), 26-40; Van Kasteren, Emmaus-Nicopolis et les auteurs arabes, ibid. (1892), 80-99, 645-649; Heidet in Diet, de la Bible, s. v.; Meibter- mann, L'eglise d'Amouas, I' Emmaiis-Nicopolis et Veglise de Qoubeibeh, V Emmaus de saint Luc (Jerusalem. 1902); Vailhe in Echos d'Orient (1902), 407-409; Vince.nt, Les ruines d' Amwas in Revue biblique (1903), 571-S9.

S. Vailhe.

Emmeram, Saint, Bishopof Poitiers and missionary to Bavaria, b. at Poitiers in the first half of the seventh century; martyred at Ascheim (Bavaria) towards the end of the same century. Of a noble family of Aqui- village about eighteen miles from Jerusalem, on the taine, he received a good education and was ordained road to Jaffa. There are still visible ruins of a beauti- priest. According to some authors Emmeram occu- ful basilica built in the fourth or the fifth century, and pied the Seeof Poitiers, but this cannot be verified, for repaired by the Crusaders. Near 'Am'was, at El- his name does not appear among the Bishops of Poi- Atroun, the Trappists founded a priory in 1890. tiers. He probably held the see for a short time, from

la the opinion of many 'Am'was is the Emmaus of the death of Dido (date unknown) to the episcopate

The Supper at Emmaus Carpaccio, San Salvatore, Venice

nevertheless, destroyed by Varus (Josephus, "Ant. Jud." XVII, X, 7-9; Idem, "Bel. Jud.", II, iv, 3). It soon rose again, for Josephus (Bel. Jud., Ill, iii, 5) and Pliny (Hist, nat., V, xiv) rank it amongst the "top- archies" of the country. Vespasian took it at the beginning of his campaign against the Jews, stationed a legion in the neighbourhood, and named it Nicopolis (Sozom., Hist, eccl., V, xxi). According to Eusebius and St. Jerome, this name was given to it only in 223, by Julius Africanus, its governor and most illustrious son, and this is the name commonly used by Christian writers. Here a spring in which Christ is said to have washed His feet, and which was reputed to cure all diseases, was closed up by order of Julian the Apo.state (Sozom., Hi.st. eccl., V, xxi). Four Greek bishops are known, from the fourth to the sixth cen- tury (Lequien, Or. christ., Ill, 593). At the begin- ning of the Arab conquest the plague broke out in the city, and the inhabitants fled; they must have soon returned, however, for Emmaus remained a very im- portant town. It was the last station of the Crusa- ders on their way to Jerusalem in June, 1099. Eubel (Hierarch. cath., II, 223) has a list of eleven Latin titular bishops, but only for the fifteenth century. To-day 'Am'was (the native name) is a Mussulman