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 EGYPT

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EGYPT

also mention here a panegjT-ic of St. George, Martyr, bj Theodosius, Monophysite Bishop of Jerusalem (d. after 453), published and translated into English by E. A. Walhs Budge, " The Martyrdom and Miracles of St. George of Cappadocia" (Oriental Text Series, I, London, ISSS). The constant political agitation in which the Monophysite successors of Dioscurus were involved accounts probably for the almost complete absence of their works from t'optic literature in gen- eral and in particular from this section. The only homilies or sermons we can record are, first, a sermon on the Assumption of the Virgin (aheady mentioned among the Apocrypha) and an encomium on St. Jlich- ael by Theodosius (the latter published by Budge, "Three Encomiums", mentioned above), both in Bohairic and probably spurious; also a Sahidic frag- ment of a discourse pronounced by the same on the 11th of Thoth; secondly, a sermon on the Marriage at Cana, by Benjamin, in Bohairic; thirdly, the first ser- mon of Mark 11 on Christ's Burial, also in Bohairic. Rarer still are the sermons or homihes by other bish- ops of Egyjjt. The only two names worthy of mention are those of John, Bishop of Parallou (Burlos), and Rufus of Shotep, both of unknown date; of the former we have one short Sahidic fragment of a discourse on "St. Michael and the blasphematory books of the heretics that are read in tlie orthotlox churches"; of the latter, several important fragments of homilies on the Gospels of St. Matthew and St. Luke, also in Sahidic. (See M.\rttrs; Monasticism.)

Church Discipline. — Among the various early col- lections of Apostolic precepts and church regulations which the Copts incorporated from the Greek into their native literature, we shall mention: —

(1) The Didache. — It is true that up to the present this document is not known to be extant in Coptic except in so far as chapters iv-xiv of the Apostolic Church Ordinance (see below) are but a paraphrase of the first four chapters of the Didache as revealed to us by Bryennios. Towards the end of the last century, however, the first part of the Didache (chapters i-x, the so-called " Duee Viae ") was discovered imbedded in ShenOte's Arabic life published by Amelineau (Monu- ments pour servir a I'histoire de I'Egypte chretienne aux IV® et V® siecles. Vie de Schnoudi ", pp. 289 sqq., in " Memoires publics par les membres de la Mission arch^ologique frangaise au Caire ", IV, Paris, 1888) ; and although that insertion is in Arabic, Uke the rest of the Life, its grammar is so thoroughly Coptic that there can be no doubt that it, also, was translated from a Coptic original. For further detail see Iselin and Heusler, who were first to make the discovery ("Eine bisher unbekannte \'ersion des ersten Teiles der Apos- tellehre" in "Texte u. Untersuchungen ", XIII, I, 1895), and U. Benigni, who, three years later, quite independently from Iselin and Heusler, had reached the same conclusions [Didache Coptica: 'Duarum viarum ' recensio Coptica monastica per arabicam ver- sionem superstes, 2d ed., Rome, 1899 (Reprint from "Bessarione", 1898)].

(2) The so-called Apostolic Church Ordinance, con- sisting of thirty canons, and extant both in Bohairic and in Sahidic. The former text was published and translated into English by H. Tattam (The Apostoli- cal Constitutions or Canons of the Apostles, London, 1848, pp. 1-30), and re-translated into Greek by P. Botticher (later P. de Lagarde) in Chr. C. Bunsen's " Analecta .\nte-Nicipna " (London, 1864, II, 451-460) ; the latter text was edited, without translation, both by P. de Lagarde, in his " .45gyptiaca " (Gottingen, 1883, pp. 239-24S, Canons 0-30), and U. Bouriant, in "Les Canons Apostoliques de Clement de Rome; traduction en dialecte th^'bain d'apr^s un manuscrit de la biblio- th^que du Patriarclie Jacobite du Caire " [in " Recueil de travaux relatifs ;\ la philologie et k I'archfologie ^gyptienne et assjTnenne ', V (1884), pp. 202-206].

(3) The Egyptian Church Ordinance, consisting of

thirty-two canons and extant, likewise, both in Bohairic and in Sahidic. The Bohairic was published and translated into English by H. Tattam (op. cit., pp. 31-92), and re-translated into Greek by P. Botti- cher (in Bunsen's "Analecta", pp. 461-477). The Sahidic was published by de Lagarde, "jEgyptiaca" (pp. 248-266, can. 31-62) and Bouriant (op. et loc. cit., pp. 206-216). A translation into German by G. Stein- dorff, from the edition of de Lagarde, is found in Achelis, "Die Kanones Hippolyti" (Leipzig, 1891, in "Texte u. LTntersuchungen", VI, 4, pp. 39 sqq.).

(4) An epitomized recension of sections 1-46 of the Eighth Book of the Apostolic Constitutions; also both in Bohairic (published and translated into English by H. Tattam, op. cit., pp. 93-172) and in Sahidic (pub- lished by de Lagarde, "^gyptiaca", pp. 266-291, canons 63-78, and Bouriant, op. cit., VI, pp. 97-109; examined and translated into German from the La- garde edition, by Leipoldt, " Saidische Ausziige ", etc., in "Texte u. Untersuchungen", new series, I 6, Leip- zig, 1894). According to Leipoldt (op. cit., pp. 6-9), this abstract, in which the liturgical sections are either curtailed or entirely omitted, has much in common with the "Constitutiones per Hippolytum" not only in the choice of the selection, as already shown by Achelis, but also in point of style; the Coptic docu- ment is beyond doubt of Egyptian origin. Besides the above Boliairic and Sahidic texts, there is a frag- ment (de Lagarde, can. 72-78, 24) of another Sahidic text which, according to Leipoldt (who first published it and translated it into German, op. cit.), belongs to an older recension. The text published by de Lagarde and Bouriant is derived from an older recension, with corrections from the Greek Apostolic Constitutions as they were when the "Constitutiones per Hippolytum" were taken from them. On this theory of Leipoldt's, however, see Funk, " Das achte Buch der apostoli- schen Konstitutionen in der Koptischen Ueberliefer- ung" in " Theologische Quartalschrift ", 1904, pp. 429^47).

The above three docimients, (2), (3), (4), form one collection of 78 canons, under the following title: " These are the Canons of our holy Fathers the Apos- tles of Our Lord Jesus Christ, which they established in the Churches". As a whole they are known, since de Lagarde's edition, as "Canones Ecclesiastici". The Bohairic manuscript (Berlin, or. 4° 519) used by Tattam was translated, and the Sahidic one (library of the Jacobite Coptic patriarch) used by Bouriant was copied on the manuscript (British Museum or. 1320 dated a. d. 1006) reproduced by de Lagarde. Bouri- ant's edition is faulty. A complete edition of the Canones Ecclesiastici and Canons of the Apostles (see below), with the Ethiopic and Arabic parallel texts and an English translation, is due to G. Horner (The Statutes of the Apostles or Canones Ecclesiastici, Lon- don, 1904). The author gives variant readings from several manuscripts for each version, and in a long introduction he examines the mutual relationships of the various texts.

(5) Canones Apostolorum. — A recension of Book VIII, 47, of the Apostolic Constitutions entitled: "The Canons of the Church which the Apostles gave through Clemes [Clement]". These canons are usu- ally called Canones Apostolorum, with de Lagarde, by whom a Sahidic recension was first published (op. cit., pp. 201-238; published also by Bouriant, op. cit., VI, pp. 109-115). This recension contains 71 canons. A Bohairic recension of 85 canons, as in the Greek, was published and translated into English by H. Tattam (op. cit., pp. 173-214) ; published also by de Lagarde along with the Sahidic text (op. et loc. cit.).

(6) Canones Hippolj-ti. — A Sahidic fragment of the Paris collection (B. N. Copte 129 14 ff. 71-78) con- tains a series of canons under the title of " Canons of the Church which Hippolytus, Bishop of Rome, wrote". So far as the present writer knows, these