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 EGYPT

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EGYPT

2 girls' schools, 350 pupils, (b) Tewfik schools, under the society of the same name (rather liberal and in opposition to the patriarch): 1 boys' school, 200 pu- pils; 1 girls' school, 140 pupils, (c) Private schools: 5 boys' schools, 300 pupils; 1 girls' school, 5 pupils. — In all 223.5 pupils attend these Jacobite schools.

The Vniat Church. — The Catholic, or Uniat, branch of the Coptic Church dates from 1741, when Benedict XIV, seeing that the patriarch and majority of the bishops could not be depended on to effectuate union with Rome, granted to Amba Athanasius, Coptic Bishop of Jerusalem, jurisdiction over all Christians of the Coptic Rite in Egj'pt and elsewhere. Athanasius continued to reside in Jerusalem, whence he ministered to his charge in Egypt through his vicar-general, Jus- tus Maraglii. During his administration flourished Raphael Tuki. a native of Girgeh and an alumnus of the Urban (Propaganda) College at Rome. After a few years of fruitful labours in his native land lie was recalled to Rome (where he received the title of Bishop of Arsinoe) to superintend the printing of the Coptic liturgical books (Missal, 1746; Psalter, 1749; Breviary, 1750; Pontifical, 1761; Ritual, 1763; Theotokise, 1764). Athanasius was succeeded (1781) by John Farargi as Vicar Apostolic of the Coptic Na- tion, with the title of Bishop of Hypsojjolis; but he never received episcopal consecration, there being no Catholic bishop of the Coptic Rite to perform it. The same can be said of his successor Matthew Rigliet, ap- pointed in 17SS, and made Bishop of Uthina in 1S15; he died in 1S22, and was succeeiled by Maximus Joed, also matle Bishop of Uthina in 1S24, and a few months later Patriarch of Alexandria, by decree of Leo XII, who. at the request of the Khedive Mehemet-Ali, had decided to restore the Catholic Patriarchate of Alex- andria. That decree, however, never went into effect, owing, apparently, to the opposition of Abra- ham Cashoor, then at Rome, where he had been con- secrated .-^jchbishop of Memphis bj^ the pope himself. Maximus died in 1S31. His successor was Theodore Abu-Karim, made Bishop of Alia in 1S32, and ap- pointed Delegate and Msitator Apostolic of -Abys- sinia in 1S40. He died in 1S54, and was succeeded in 1856 by Athanasius Khuzam, Bishop of Maronia, who in turn was succeeded in 1S66 by Agapius Bshai. Bishop of Cariopolis, representative of his nation at the N'atican Council in 1869-70. Owing to regretta- ble differences with his flock, this bishop, more learned and pious than tactful, was recalled to Rome in, or soon after, 1878, and did not return to Eg)-pt until 1887, forty days before his death. During his ab- sence, and after his death, the Church was adminis- tered by an Apostolic visitator, Monsignor Anthony Morcos (not a Copt nor a bishop) with the title of pro- vicar Apostohc. His successor was also a simple Apostolic visitator and governed the Uniat Copts until 1895, when the Patriarchate of Alexandria was restored by Leo XIII (Litter. Apost. "Christi Dom- ini") with a bishop, CjTil Macaire,as Apostolic admin- istrator, and two suffragan sees, Hermopolis (resi- dence at Minieh) and Thebes (residence at Tartah), which were entrusted respectively to Bishops Max- imus Sedfaoui and Ignatius Berzi, both consecrated in 1896. In 1899 Bishop CjtU Macaire was promoted to the title and rank of Patriarch of Alexandria, with residence at Cairo, taking the name of CjTil II; he resigned in 1908, and Bishop Sedfaoui was named administrator. The Uniat Coptic Diocese of Alexandria counts (Lower Egj'pt and Cairo) 2500 souls, 4 churches or chapels, 14 priests (2 married), a petit sfminaire with 8 pupils (under the direction of the Jesuits), and 1 school for boys (under the Christian Brothers). In the Diocese of Hermopolis (Middle EgJT') there are 2500 Catholics, lOpriests (4 married), 7 cliurclios or chapels, 12 stations. 9 schools for boys, with 210 pupils, and 1 for girls, with 50 pupils. The Diocese of Thebes (part of Upper Egypt) has 15,250

souls, 31 priests (15 married), 35 churches or chapels, 18 stations, 1 theological seminary (for all three dioceses), with 17 pupils, 21 schools for boys, with 240 pupils, and 5 schools for girls, with 253 pupils. In addition to the above-mentioned clergy and institutions, there are several houses of Latin religious (both men and women) whose members minister to the Catholic Copts.

Kruger in Grande Eneycl., s. v. Eglvse copte; Ceitm in Real- encykl. fiir prot. Theol. u. Kirche, s. v. Koplische Kirche (concise and complete, generally accurate); Fuller in Diet, of Christ. Biogr., s. v. Coptic Church; Stern in Ersch and Grttber, Encyclopadie der Wisscnschaflen u. Kiinste, s. v. Kopten, Kop- tische Spracheund Litteratur; SovuEmvs, H ist. chrortot. patriarch- arum Alex, in Acta SS.. V or (new ed.) VII; De S. Marco Ev- angelista in Acta .S.S., .\prU, III (25 April); M.\caire (C)yril II), Histoire de Vcglise d' Alexandrie depuis St. Marc iusQu'a nos jours (Cairo. 1874); Missiones Catholicce (Rome, 1907); Re- NAUDOT, De Patriarcha Alexandrino in his Liturgiarum Orien- talium Colleciio, 1; Rehkopf, Vitcs Patriarcharum Alexandrino- rum quinque. Specimen I (Leipzig, 175S); Spec. II (Leipzig. 1759); Animadversiones historico-criticcE ad vitas Patriarcharum Alex. sac. primi et secundi. Spec. Ill (Leipzig. 1759); Renau- DOT, Historia patriarcharum Alexandrinorum Jacobitarum, etc. (Paris, 1713); Leqcien, Oriens Christicinus, II; De patriarchatu Alexandrino, 329-S6 (preceded by a map), 3S7-512, and 513- 640; Neale, History of the Holy Eastern Church; Patriarchate of ^?exanrfria (London, 1847); BxjTi^R.The Ancient Coptic Churches of Egypt (Oxford. 1884); Butcher, The Story of the Church of Egypt (London, 1897); Fowler, Christian Egypt, Past, Present, and Future (2d ed., London, 1902).

Original Sources. — Zotenberg. tT..Chronique de Jean ^veque de N ikiou, textc ethiopien in Notices et extraits des manuscrits de la BibliothcqueNationale.XX.lY, 125-605, 1883 (for the period be- ginning with Diocletian) — cf. Zotenberg, La Chronique de Jean eveque de Nikiou, extract from Journal Asiatique (Paris. 1879); Se\t:rus. Bishop of Ashmunein. History of the Patriarchs of the Coptic Church of Alexandria; St. Mark to Benjamin (661) text and tr. by E"vxtts in Graffin-Nau, Patrologia Orientalis. 1, II, IV; also text only, for the same period, by Seybold in Corpus Script. Christ. Orientalium: Scriptores Arabici, ser. 3. torn. IX; Se\-erus. Bishop of .\shmunein. Refutation de Sa'id Ibn Balrik [Eutvchiusl; Le livre des conciles, text and tr. by (Thebli, in Graffin-Nau. Pair. Orient.. III. 2; Selden, Eutychii jEgyplii Patriarchs Orthodoxorum Alexandrini, etc., ecclesicE sua origines (London, 1642); -\brah-^m Ecchellensis. Eutychius Patriarcha vindicatus (Rome, 1661); Eutychius (S.^'id Ibn Batrik, Melchite Patriarch of Alexandria), Annals, .Arabic text ed. Cheikho in C. S. C. O.: Script. Arabici, ser. 3. VI: earher edi- tion of the same by Pococke (2 vols.. 4to, Oxford, 165S. 1639); Peter Ibn Rahib (also known as .\bu Shakir), Chronicon Orientate, Arabic text and Latin tr. by Cheikho in C. S. C. O., Scriptores Arabici, ser. 3, II (1903); there is also a Latin tr. by ABIL4HAM EccHELLE.NSis (Paris, 1651, 1685). corrected by Jos. Sim. -\ssemani (Venice. 1749); Makhizi (fourteenth-century Mahommedan writer), Geschichte der Copten, ed. Wustenfeld (Gottingen, 1845); Vansleb, Histoire de I'Eglise d' Alexandrie fondee -par St Marc, chiefly from .\bi)'l-Bar.\kat (Paris, 1677); .^BU S.\UH, The Churches and Monasteries of Egypt, text and tr. by Butler (Oxford. 1895); Barges, Homflie sur St Marc, Apotre et Evangeliste (Paris, 1S77) [by Severus of Nes- teraweh].

General Works on Later History of Egypt. — Milne. History of Egypt under Roman Rule (New York. 1898); Butler, The Arab Conquest of Egypt etc. (London, 1902^1; Poole. Hist, of Egypt in the M.A. (New York. 1901 ); Lane. Modern Egyptians (London. 1860); Klunzinger, B)7rferaus06eTaffyp/en (1877), tr. Upper Egypt, Its People and lis Products (New York, 1878).

VI. Coptic LiTER.\TrRE, the literature of Chris- tian Egj'pt, at first written in the Coptic language and later translated into, or written outright in, Arabic. That literature is almost exclusively reli- gious, or rather (with the exception of the Gnostic writings and a few magical texts) ecclesiastical, either as to its contents (Bible, lectionaries, martyrologies, etc.) or as to its purpose (grammars and vocabularies composed with reference to the ecclesiastical books). Thus defined, however, Coptic literature is by no means the equivalent of literature of the Egj-ptian Church, as this would include as well the Greek writ- ings of the Fathers of the Church, and other Cireek monuments of Egj'ptian origin. They will be found under the headings of their respective authors; see for instance Alexander; Ath.^n.-^sius; Clement of Ali- EX.*^Ni)Hi.\; Cyril of Alex.^ndria; Origen; Theo-

PHILUS, P-^TRLiRCH OF -'ALEXANDRIA, etC.

The Coptic Lcingunge is an offspring of the Egj'ptian, or rather it is that very same language in the various popular forms it had evolved when EgJl^t as a whole l)ecame Christian (third and fourth centuries). Con- .sequently it appears in several dialects: the Sahidic (formerly called Theban), or dialect of Upper Egypt