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 EGER

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EGMONT

9; Idem, Annales O.S.B. (Paris. 1703-1739), TI, 97-8; His- torians of York in Rolls Series, I, 386; Stmeon of Durham, Hist. Ecdes. Dunilm. in Rolls Series: Hxnri.Bonifaz und Lul (1882), 189 sqq.; William op Malmesburt, Gesta Pontif. in Rolls Series, 245; Schneider, Kirchenrechtsguellen (2nd ed., 1892), 70; Wasserschleben, Bussordnungen (1851), 231 sqq.; ScHMiTz, Bussbucher (1883), 565 sqq.

G. E. Hind.

Eger, Diocese of. See Agria, Diocese of.

Egfrid (also known as Ecfrid, Echgfiud, Eg- fekd), King of Northumbria, b. 650; d. 685. He ascended the Northumbrian throne at Oswy's death in 670, and after defeating the Picts who had thought to impose upon his youth by asserting their independ- ence, turned his attention to Wulphere, King of Mercia, and lirolce, for a time, the power of the southern kingdom. In 679 new trouble with Mercia arose, and in the course of the subsequent struggle Aelfwin, Eg- frid's brother, was slain. Through the intervention of Theodore, Archbishop of Canterbury, peace was at last restored and in lieu of vengeance Egfrid was pre- vailed upon to accept the legal wergild (fine) for his brother's death.

Egfrid now consolidated his kingdom by diplomacy, annexation, and treaty, bringing Cumberland, Gallo- way, and North Lancashire under Northumbrian influence. The desire for conquest, however, had entered his veins, and in 684 he dispatched an ex- pedition into Ireland. The invasion was unsuccess- ful, but nevertheless was productive of much damage and bitterness to a hospitable, friendly people who had conferred numerous benefits on the Angles and who found violence where they expected gratitude. Disregariling the advice of his counsellors, Egfrid led an expedition against the Picts the next year, and, being decoyed into the mountain passes, was trapped and slain. He was buried by the victors in the cemetery on the isle of H ii or lona, and his brother succeeded to the Northumbrian throne.

See also Etheldreda; Ely.

Bede, Hill. Eccl., V. Ill and IV; Symeon, Hist. Eccl. Dun., I and II; Baronius, Ann. Eccl., ad an. 6S4: Did. Christ. Biog.t 8. v.; LiNGARD, Hist, of England (Dublin, 1S78). I.

Stanley J. Quinn.

Egidius. See Giles.

Eginhard. See Einhard.

Egloffstein, Frederick W. von, b. at Aldorf, near Nuremberg, Bavaria, IS May, 1S24; d. in New York, 1SS5. He served in the Prussian army in his early manhood and then emigrated to the United States. Von Egloffstein has been called " The Father of Half- tone Engraving" in the United States, for the reason that he was the first one to employ ruled glass screens, together with photography, to produce engravings. In 1861 he engaged Samuel Sartain, a steel engraver, to rule with wavy lines numbering 250 to the inch glass ])lates covered with an opaque varnish, and he was engaged in perfecting his experiments in this direction when the Civil War broke out. Abandoning his busi- ness, he joined the Union army as a volunteer from New York and was commissioned a colonel. While leading a skirmLsh in North Carolina, 27 April, 1862, he was .severely wounded and retired from the service withthe brevet rank of brigadier general. Under the patronage of Archbishop McCloskey he then took up his new .system of engraving again, and one of MurU- lo's madonnas and a picture of the facade of St. Fran- cis Xavier's College, New York, were produced by his patented process. Von Egloffstein thought to cir- cumvent counterfeiting, so prevalent at that period, by having bank-notes engraved by his method. Through Baron Gerolt, Prussian Minister at Washing- ton, he was introduced to a number of officials and prominent men, who organized The Heliographie En- graving and Printing Company, with a plant in New York City. There the von Egloffstein process of en- graving was carried on in a secret manner. Each

group of workmen was taught a part of the work, but no one was permitted to see the whole process. The

United States Government refused to adopt von Eg- loffstein's method of engraving, and the company abandoned the project. The common method of en- graving now is by means of ruled glass screens and photography. Glass screens ruled with wavy lines, such as von Egloffstein adopted in 1S61, are also being used (1909). Von Egloffstein, as a member of the United States engineering department, later per- formed valuable services for the Cioverrmient in the submarine work at Rock Island, Illinois, and in the blasting operations at Hell Gate in New Y'ork Har- bour.

War of the Rebellion, Offkial Records, Series I, Vol. IX. A Portrait and spjecimen of the von Egloffstein _ half-tone engravins made in 1866 is given in Inland Printer (Chicago, Oct., 1894), 38; Anthony's Photographic Bulletin (New York, 1896- 97), IX, 201.

S. H. Horgan.

Egmont, Lamoral, Count of, Prince of Gavre, b. at the Chateau de La Hamaide, in Hainault, 18 Nov., 1522; beheaded at Brussels, 5 June, 1568. He was a descendant of one of the old- est families of the Low Countries; his patrimonial castle, near the ab- bey of the same name, was on the coast of the North Sea, about three miles west of Alk- maar, Holland. In 1.5.38 he went to Spain with his elder brother, Charles, and both took part in the expedition to Al- giers in 1541, in which Charles was injured. Charles died the following year. Lamoral succeeded to the title and estates, which, beside those of Holland, comprised the principal- ity of Gavre, seven or eight baronies, and a number of seigniories. When, in 1544, he married Sabina, Duch- ess of Bavaria and Countess Palatine of the Rhine, the emperor and the King of the Romans assisted at his wedding. Egmont distinguished himself in various campaigns during the reign of Charles V, who, when he was only twenty-six years of age, invested him with the Order of the Golden Fleece, and appointed him to several confidential missions such as sending him to England to seek the hand of Queen Mary for Philip II. His principal titles to military glory are two battles which he won against the French: the battle of St- Quentin, which was fought through his vehement per- suasion (1557), and that of Gravelines, the honour of which is due to him exclusively. As a reward for his services he was nominated by Philip II, in 1559, stadt- holder of the province of Flanders, and a member of the Council of State for the Low Countries.

But these honours did not satisfy Egmont. Though handsome, brave, rich, generous, and popular, still he viewed with jealousy the prominence given Cardinal Granvella, who was in the confidence of the king. He entered a vigorous protest against the proceedings of this minister and clamoured for his removal, going so far as to refuse to sit in the Council of State if Granvella were allowed to remain. His hatred of the king's favourite led him into the plots of William of Orange against the Spanish Government. Later, when relig- ious troubles broke out in Flanders, it was eviden

Lamoral. Count of Egmont Prom a contemporary engraving. Cabinet des Estampes, Brussels