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EDITIONS

made progress in the Scottish capital as elsewhere in the kingdom. Catholics are generally respected, and may and do rise to high positions of trust in the com- mercial, legal, and municipal world.

Something remains to be said of the religious houses which have flourished in Edinburgh in ancient and modern times. The principal and wealthiest monas- terj- in former days was the Abbey of Holyrood, founded by David I for Augustinian canons, who were brought from St. Andrews. The Blackfriars or Domini- can monasterj' was founded by Alexander II in 12.30, on a site now occupied by a hospital. The Grej'friars or Franciscan church (of the Observant branch of the order) stood in the Grassmarket until it was destroyed by fire in 1845. The \\hitefriars or Carmelites did not settle in Edinburgh until 1518. Their house of Green- side, near the Calton Hill, was transformed at the Dis- solution into a lepers' hospital. Beyond the Carmelite house, nearer Leith, stood the preceptor^- of St. .\n-

thonj-, the only house of that order in Scotland. The collegiate churches in and about Edinburgh included those of St. Giles and St. Marj--in-the-Fields (already mentioned). Trinity Church, Restalrig, Corstorphine, Creighton, and Dalkeith. Trinity church, one of the most exquisite Gothic buildings in Scotland, was de- stroyed in the nineteenth century by a deplorable act of vandalism, to make room for new railway works. Neither the Benedictine nor Cistercian monks, who had numerous houses in Scotland, were established in Edinburgh. The Cistercian or Bernardine nuns, how- ever, possessed the convent of St. Marie-in-the-wj-nd (or lane) near a hospital, where the sisters tended the sick. The Dominican nuns had also a convent (called Sricnncs or Slienis, from St. Catherine of Siena) in the outskirts of the city. The numerous hospitals in Catholic Edinburgh comprised St. Mary Magdalen's in the Cowgate, founded in 1.503 (the chapel remains, and is now used as a medical mission-hall) ; St. Leon- ard's, at the foot of Salisbury Crags; St. Mary's, in Loith Wynd, for twelve almsmen (converted into a workhouse by the Edinburgh magistrates in 1619); St. Thomas's, near the water-gate, founded in 1541 by Abbot Crichton of Holyrood for .seven almsmen in red gowns; and Ballantyne's Hospital, founded by Robert Ballantyne or Bellenden, .\bbot of Holyrood. The two religious orders of men now working in Edinburgh and its seaport of I.eitli are the Jesuits and the Oblates of Mary Immaculate. The former serve one of the largest churches in the city, anil the latter have a house at Leith. There are eight convents of nuns, the oldest being St. Margaret's (Ursuline), founded in 1835, the first since the Reformation. The nuns keep a high- class school and attend several hospitals. St. Cather- ine's Convent of Mercy has a well-equipped training-

college for teachers as well as a ladies' school. The other convents are those of the Sisters of Charity, Little Sisters of the Poor, Sisters of the Sacred Heart's, Poor Clares, Order of Marie Reparatrice, Helpers of the Holy Souls, and Sisters of the Immaculate Concep- tion. The other Catholic institutions of the city in- clude a children's refuge, orphanages for boys" and girls, home for working boys, home for destitute chil- dren, dispensary, and home for penitents.

Maitland. Hist, of Edinburgh (Edinburgh, 1754); Anderson Hist, of Edinburgh (Edinburgh, 1836); Chambers, Traditions of Edinburgh (Edinburgh, 1825); Wilson, Memorials of Edinburgh (Edinburgh. 1S4S); hsEs. St. Giles (Edinburgh. 1887); Arnot Hist, of Edinburgh (Edinburgh. 1779): Lectures on the Aniiipii- ties of Edinburgh to the Guild of St. Joseph (Edinburgh, 1845); Oliphant, Ro!/al Edinburgh (Edinburgh, 1S90).

D. O. Hunter-Blair.

Editions of the Bible. — In the present article we understand by editions of the Bible the printed repro- ductions of its original texts. We are not concerned with copies of the versions of the Bible, whether printed or written; nor do we purpose to consider the manuscript copies of the original text. The written reproductions are described under Codex Alexan- DRiNus and similar articles. See also Criticism, Biblical, in the latter part of which article (Vol. IV, pp. 499, 500) will be found an explanation of the criti- cal nomenclature of Bible codices and the symbols by which they are denoted. The translations of the Bible will be treated under the title Versions op the Bible. Since the original text of the Bible was writ- ten in Hebrew or Greek (the original Aramaic por- tions can for the present purpose be considered as co- incident with the Hebrew), our study of its printed reproductions naturally considers first the editions of the Hebrew text, and secondly those of the Greek.

I. Editions of the Hebrew Text of the Bible. — Roughly speaking, there are three classes of editions of the Hebrew text: 1. The so-called Incunabula (Lat. cunahula, pi., "cradle"); 2. The common edi- tions; 3. The critical editions. The reader will see that this division has an historical as well as a logical basis.

1. The Incunabula. — Technically speaking, the In- cunabula are the editions issued before the year 1500. From our present critical standpoint, they are very defective; but since they represent manuscripts now lost, they are important even for critical purposes. The following publications constitute the main body of the Incunabula: —

(1) The quarto edition of the Hebrew Psalter with the commentarj' of Rabbi David Kimchi, printed in 1477, probably at Bologna. Vowels and accents are wanting, except in the first four psalms. The volume is noted for its omissions, abbreviations, and general lack of accuracy.

(2) The folio edition of the Pentateuch, with vowels and accents, containing the Targum of Onkelos and the commentary of Raliln Samuel Jarchi, printed at Bologna, 1482. This publication is much more per- fect and correct than the foregoing.

(3) The so-called Earlier Prophets, i. e. the Books of Josue, Judges, Samuel, and Kings, printed in 1488 at Soncino, near Cremona, in Italy.

(4) The folio edition of the Later Prophets, i. e. Isaias, Jereraias. Ezechiel. and the twelve Minor Prophets, printed soon after the preceding publica- tion, without accents and vowels, but interlined with the text of Kimchi's commentary.

(5) The Psalter and the Megilloth, or "Rolls", i. e. the Canticle of Canticles. Knth, Lamentations, Eccle- siastes, and Esther, printed in the same year as the preceding pul)lication, at Soncino and Casale, in Italy, in a quarto volume.

(G) Three folio volumes containing the Hagiographa with several rabbinic commentaries, printed at Naples in 1487; the text is accompanied by the vowels, but not by the accents.