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DURHAM

here a confused tradition of two separate bodies — the assembly and the council. The assembly (communi- tas) was practically the same gathering as the shire- moot in other counties. It raised money by taxation at the request botli of the king and of the bishop, and sometimes for its own purposes. But it was not a legislative assembly, since all general legislation ap- plied to the palatinate, although Durham was not rep- resented in Parliament till the time of the Stuarts. When Acts were not intended to apply to Durham e.x- press exemption was stated. The council was in ori- gin a feudal body, chosen from the bishop's immediate followers and officials, the functions entrusted to it being the general administration of the palatinate, financial affairs, and the duty of advising the bishop. The judicial courts of the palatinate arose out of this body. Much of the civil and judicial independence of the palatinate was destroyed by the Act of Resump- tion passed in lo.'iO, at the will of Henry VIII. By this act the bishop's semi-regal power was abolished.

Galilee Chapel, Durham C

The see at this time was held by Cuthbert Tunstall, the venerable prelate who was the last Catholic bishop and who lived to witness the suppression of monas- teries, the Pilgrimage of Grace (1536), and finally the surrender of Durham Abbey (1540), which involved the spoliation of St. Cuthbert's shrine. During the reign of Edward VI he was imprisoned and an Act of Parliament was passed dissolving the bishopric and forming it into a county palatine. After the brief re- spite of Mary's reign. Bishop Tunstall was deprived of his .see by Elizabeth, July, 1559. With his death in confinement, on IS Nov., the line of Catholic bishops ended. Ten years later during the "Rising of the North" the Catholics seized Durham cathedral, re- stored the altar, and publicly celebrated Mass, thus making it the last of the old English cathedrals in which Mass has been said.

In the bishopric there were six collegiate churches, Auckland, Darlington, Chester-le-Street, Lanchester, Norton, and Staindrop. The Benedictines held Dur- ham Abbey, with the dependent houses of Jarrow, Wearmouth, and Finchale. There were Augustin- ians at Hexham and Brinkburn; Ci.stercians at New- minster; and Premonstratensians at Blanchland. Durham College (now Trinity), at Oxford, was greatly protected and helloed by various bishops and priors of Durham, and po.ssibly was originally a Durham foun- dation. The arms of the see are: azure, a cross be- tween four lions rampant, or. The mitre over the arms is encircled by a ducal coronet.

The Historical Works of Hijmeon of Durham in R. S. (1882- 1885), the chief authority for the history of the see down to 1153. Subsequent events are recorded by Geoffrey of Cold- XNGHAM, Liber de Statu Ecclesia Dunhelmensis (1152-1214); ROBF.RT DF. GRAYSTANEa. HistoHa de Statu Ecc. Dunhelm. (1214-1.1.'Jfi): William oe Chambre, Continuatio Historia- Dunhelmensis — all three ed. by Raine and pub. by Surtees

Society ;n Historia' Dunelmi'nsis Scriptores Tres (London, 1839). IX. Many other volumes of the Surtees Society throw light on the history of the see. Hutchinson, History of the County of Durham (Newcastle, 1785-1794); Surtees, His- tory and Antiquities of the County Palatine of Durham. (London, 1816-1840); Raine, History and Antiquities of North Durham (1852); Low, Durham in S.P.C.K., Diocesan Hist. Series (Lon- don. 1881); Byegate, Durham: the Cathedral and See (London, 1889); Lapsley, The County Palatine of Durltam in Harvard Historical Studies (London, 19(X)), VIII, a most valuable work on the constitutional powers of the bishops of Durham, with very full bibliography and an appendix on the Records of the Palatinate. — For Durham Liturgy, see Rituale Ecdesice Dunel- mensis, Surtees Soc. (London, 1839), X, and Rites of Durham, Surtees Soc. (London, 1842), XV. The Durham Breviary is announced for publication by the Henry Bradshaw Society — For the Episcopal Coinage, see Ruding, Annals of the Coinage of Great Britain, II; Leake, Historical Account of English Money; Noble, Two Dissertations cm the Mint of the Episcopal- Palatines of Durham: Bahtlet, Episcopal Coins of Durham in Archieologia (1778). reprinted (Newcastle, 1817), and Laps- ley, op. cit., VII. The general literature on the subject is very large. See Thompson. Reference Catalogue of Books on Durham and Northumberland (Newcastle-on-Tyne. 1888).

Edwin Bdrton.

Durham Rite. — The earliest document giving an account of liturgical services in the Diocese of Durham is the so-called "Rituale ecclesiae Dunelmensis", also known as the "Ritual of King iElfrith" [the King of Nnrtluimberland, who succeeded his brother Ecg- frith in 85, and who was a vir in scripturis dortissimus (Bede, Hist. Eccl., IV, xxvi)]. The MS. (in the library of Durham cathedral. A, IV, 19) is of the early ninth century. It contains capitula, chants, and especially collects, from the Epiphany to Easter, then a pro- prium sanctorum, a commune sanctorum, and many forms for blessings. The greater part has an inter- linear Anglo-Saxon translation. At the end various scribes have used up the blank pages to write out a miscellaneous collection of hymns and exorcisms and a list of contractions used in books of canon law. Its connexion with Durham and Northumberland is shown by various allusions, such as that to St. Cuth- bert in a collect (intercedente beato Cudbertho Sacerdote; p. 1S5 of the Surtees Soc. edition). This fragment represents the fusion of the Roman and Galilean uses that had taken place all over North-Western Europe since the Emperor Charles the Great (7(j8-814) or even earlier (Duchesne, Origines du cidte chretien, 2nd ed., 89-99). Many parts of it exactly correspond to the Gregorian Sacramentary sent by Pope Adrian I to the emperor (between 784 and 791; Duchesne, op. cit., 114-119).

The great Benedictine monastery of Durham was founded by William of St. Carileph in 1083; he brought monks from Wearmouth and Jarrow to fill it. These monks served the cathedral till the suppression in 1538. The foundation of the cathedral was laid in 1093 and St. Cuthbert's body was brought to its shrine in 1104. A catalogue drawn up at Durham in 1395 gives a list of the books used by the monks for various services. Of such books not many remain. A Gradual of about the year 1500 with four leaves of a Tonarium is at Jesus College, Cambridge (MS. 22; Q. B. S.), and a Durham Missal written in the four- teenth century is in the British Museum (Harl. 5289). The parts of this Missal that correspond to Holy Week and Easter are printed in vol. CVII of the Surtees Society's publications (pp. 172-191 ; see also the "Westminster Mis.sal", III, 1424, Henry Bradshaw Soc, 1897, where the Durham variants are given). But the most important document of this kind is the volume called '' The Ancient Monuments, Rites and Customs of the Monastical Church of Durham before the Suppression". This book, written in 1593, exists in several manuscript copies and has been printed and edited on various occasions, lastly by the Surtees So- ciety (vol. CVII, 1903; see bibliography). It is a de- tailed description, not only of the fabric of the cathe- dral, but also of the various rites, ceremonies, and special customs carried out by the monks who served it. From it we see that the Durham Rite was prac-