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magne, Sigismund, and Albreeht of Brandenburg; further, the marginal drawings, displaying great fancy and liumour, made for Maximilian's "Prayer Book", and the "Triumphal Arch of Maximilian" belong to the same time. Later, Diirer worked also on the "Triumph of Maximilian", and produced (1522) the large "Triumphal Car", for the emperor.

Third Period: 1.520 to 1528. — ,\dmirable sketches for "St. Jerome with the Skull", lately discovered by Anton Weber in Lisbon, give ample proof of the art- ist's diligence during his stay in the Netherlands. The striking head of the saint is very like the " Head of an Old Man" in the Albertina. After his return to Nuremberg, Diirer painted a noteworthy "Head of Christ" and portraits of Pirkheimer, Erasmus, and Holzschuher. His last work of importance (1526) was the " Four Apostles", Peter with John, and Paul with Mark ; these paintings, which are now in Munich, are much admired for the individuality of character ex- pressed by the figures and the fine treatment of the drapery. From the inscription under these pictures, despite the fact that Peter is represented as holding the keys of heaven, and from other circumstances that prove little, some have wished to infer that towards the end of his life Diirer became attached to the doc- trines of Luther. But even the Protestants van Eye, A. W. Becker, C. Kinkel, and others, do not share in this opinion, and M. Thausing, the great Diirer scholar, has now rejected it. No doubt many well- disposed persons of the time saw the necessity for ecclesiastical reform and hoped that it would be hast- ened by Luther's stand. But they were deceived and acknowledged it, as Pirkheimer did for himself and his friend: "I confess that in the beginning I believed in Luther, like our Albert of blessed memory . . . but as anyone can see, the situation has become worse."

In the years 1525-27, Diirer wrote three books: on geometry, the proportions of the human figure, and the art of fortification.

SiNtiKR, Versuch einer Diirer Bibliographic in Studien zur deutschen K unstgeschichte (1905); CoNW.\y, Literary Remains of Albreeht Durer (Cambridge, 1S89); CnsT, Albreeht Durer. a Study of his Life and Works (London. 1897); Knackfuss, A. Durer (6th ed., 1899), tr. Dodgeson (London, 1900); Weber, A. Diirer (3rd ed., Katisbon, 1903); Collection of drawings by LiPPMA-N'N (4 vols.) ; of woodcuts, LiiTzow; of copperplates and etchings, LuTzow and Soldau; of letters and diaries, Thau- sing. G. GlETMANN.

Durham (Dunelmdm), Ancient Catholic Dio- cese OF (Ddnelmensis). — This diocese holds a unique position among English bishoprics. Owing to its geo- graphical position on the Scottish border, the succes- sive bishops were led to assume constitutional and political functions in addition to their spiritual office. Consequently their rights and privileges were peculiar and extensive; and even to this day the Anglican Bishop of Durham has precedence over all other Eng- lish i)relates except those of Canterbury, York, and London. The diocese is the lineal continuation of the Anglo-Saxon See of Lindisfarne, founiled by St. Aidan in .'i5, when he came from the monastery of Zona at the request of .St. Oswald, King of Northumbria, to evangelize that newly-conquered heathen kingdom. He built his monastery on the Island of Lindisfarne, novv' Holy Island, off Northumbria. Thus Northum- brian Christianity was of Celtic origin and followed the Celtic use as to the observance of Easter and other matters. But in the south the Roman use prevailed and conflict became inevitable. The controversy arose in the time of St. Colman, the third bishop, and was settled in 664 at the Synod of Whitby when the Roman use was adopted. Shortly after, St. Colman resigned the episcopate and the see was transferred to York, with St. Wilfrid as bi.shop.

In 678, St. Theodore, Archbishop of Canterbury, cut off from it two new sees, one for the Lindiswaras of Lincolnshire and the other for Bernicia. In 680 the Bemician see was subdivided into the Dioceses of Lin-

disfarne and Hexham, while finally a separate bishop- ric was created for the Southern Picts. So that when St. Cuthbert (q. v.) became Bishop of Lindisfarne the diocese was only a fragment of what it had been under St. Aidan. In the ninth century, when the Danes re- peatedly harassed Northumbria, the Diocese of Hex- ham ceased to have a separate existence, and about 820 was merged in that of York. In 875, Eardulf, Bishop of Lindisfarne, was driven from his see, and taking the body of St. Cuthbert, he with his monks fled from the Danes. After wandering seven years they found a resting place at Chester-le-Street (882) ; and from here Eardulf and his eight immediate suc- cessors ruled the see. In 995 Bishop Aldhun again found himself defenceless before the Danes and fled with St. Cuthbert's body to Ripon. When peace was restored, he was returning to Chester-le-Street when miraculous signs were given that the body of the saint was to remain at Dunholm, the place where the city of Durham now stands. A stone chapel was built to receive St. Cuthbert's body and Aldhun began a great church where the cathedral now is, which was finished and consecrated in 999. In this way Ald- hun became the first Bishop of Durham.

The following is the list of bishops with the dates of their accession. Those marked thus (t) held the office of Lord Chancellor: —

Bishops op Lindisfarne

C'ynewulf, 740 Iligbald, 780 Egbert, 803 Heathured (otherwise

Egfrid), 821 Ecgred, 8.30 Eanbert, 845 Eardulf, 854

St. Aidan, 635 St. Finan, 652 St. Colman, 661

Tuda, 664 St. Eata, 678 St. Cuthbert, 685 St. Eadbert, 688

Eadfrid, 698 St. Ethelwold, 724

Chester-le-Street Cutheard, 900 Sexhelm, 947

Tilred, 915 Aldred, 947

Wilgred, 928 Elfsig, 968

Uchtred, 944 Aldhun or Aldwin, 990

Bishops of Durham

Aldhun came to Durham,

995 Vacancy, 1018 Eadmund, 1021 Eadred, 1041 Egelric, 1042 Egelwin, 1056 Walcher, 1071 William de S. Carilef,

1080 Vacancy, 1096 Rannulf Flambard, 1099 Vacancy, 1129 Galfrid Rufusf, 1133 Vacancy and usurpation

of Cumin, 1140 William de S. Barbara,

1143 Hugh de Pudsey, 1153 Vacancy, 1194 Philip de Pictavia (el.

1195, cons. 1197) Vacancy, 1208 Richard de Mariscof, 1217 Vacancy, 1226 Richard Poor, 1228 Vacancy, 1237 Nicholas de Farnham,

1241

Walter de Kirkham, 1249 Robert de Stitchill, 1260 Robert de Insula, 1274 Antony Beck, 1283 Richard de Kellaw, 1311 Lewis de Beaumont, 1318 Richard de Buryt, 1333 Thomas de Hatfield, 1345 John Fordham, 1382 Walter Skirlaw, 1388 Thomas Langleyf (after- wards Cardinal), 1406 Robert Neville, 1438 Laurence Boothf, 1457 William Dudley, 1476 Vacancy, 1483 John Sherwood, 1485 Richard Fox, 1494 William Sever, 1502 Vacancy, 1505 Christopher Bainbridge (afterwards Cardinal), 1507 Vacancy, 1508 Thomas Ruthall, 1509 Thomas Wolsey (already Cardinal and Abp. of York), 1523 Cuthbert Tunstall, 1530

The Cathedral. — The first Norman bishop, Wal- cher, was murdered by the people in 1080, and was