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DURAND

estantism. The Concordat, which Duprat himself negotiated with Leo X at Bologna, did away with the schismatical principles of the "Pragmatic Sanction"; on the other hand, by causing the appointment of the French hierarchy to rest on royal nomination instead of the old canonical elections, it vested in the civil power an easily abused authority over Church affairs. Duprat's uncompromising attitude towards Protes- tantism was dictated both by his political sense anil his orthodoxy. The wiles of Luther, Melanchthon, and Calvin did not deceive him ; even so the well- known Protestant sympathies of Marguerite d'Angou- leme, the Duchcsse d'Etampes. and the Minister du Bellay failed to move him. The Sorbonne and the Parliament were instructed to exclude the writings of the innovators; in 1534 the posting of subversive pamphlets at the door of the royal apartments cost the perpetrators their lives. Duprat left no writings, but took a leading part in the compilation of the "Coutumes d'Auvergne"; he also did much to en- courage the renaissance of letters.

(2) GuiLL.\UME, son of the foregoing, b. at Issoire, 1507; d. at Beauregard, 1560. Appointed Bishop of Clermont in 1529, he led a zealous and saintly life and is favourably known by the leading part he took in the last sessions of the Council of Trent as well as by his patronage of the Jesuits. Not only did he receive them in his diocese, where they were put in charge of the colleges of Billom and Mauriac, but, in face of much opposition, he helped them financially and in other ways to found in Paris the College de Clermont, so called after Duprat's episcopal city.

Duprat. Vie d'Antoine Duprat (Paris, 1857); Haxotaux, Etudes historiques suT les X Vie h XVIIe siides (Paris, 1SS6>; Idem, Recueil des instructions donnees aux ambassad^urs (Paris, 1888), I; Baudrillart, Quatre cents ans de concordat (Paris, 1905); FOURNIEB, Guitlaume Duprat in Etudes retifficuses, 1904.

J. F. SOLLIER.

Dupuytren, Guill.^ume, Baron, French anato- mist and surgeon, b. 6 October, 1777, atPierre-Buffiere, a small town in the Limousin, France ; d. in Paris, S February, 1S35. His parents were so poor that he received his education at the College de la Marche through charity. By competitive examination he gained the position of prosector in anatomy at the newly established Ecole de Medecine, Paris, when he was but eighteen. In 1803 he was appointed assist- ant surgeon to the Hotel-Dieu. In 1811 he became professor of operative surgery, and in 1815 professor of clinical surger>' at the Ecole de Medecine and head surgeon to the Hotel-Dieu. He was indefatigable in his devotion to his profession and had one of the larg- est surgical practices of all time. He amassed a for- tune estimated at 81,500,000. He succeeded in accomplishing all this in spite of a consumptive ten- dency against which he had to battle all his life and which finally carried him off. In his will he endowed the chair of anatomy at the Ecole de Medecine and established a home for physicians in distress. A curious contraction of the fascia of the palm of the hand, which cripples the fingers, is called after him, and the anatomical museum of the Ecole de Mddecine bears his name. The most important of his nTitings is his treatise on artificial anus. He published also a treatise on gunshot wounds and clinical lectures on surgery. Dupuytren was not an original investigator in surgical subjects, but he was an excellent observer and a great worker, who knew how to adopt and adapt others ideas verj' practically.

ViDAi, Ddpuvtren, Essai Hist. (Paris, 1835); Larry. Dis- cours a VinauQuration de la Statue de G Dupuytren (Paris. 1869). Jasies J. Walsh.

Duquesnoy, Francois (called also Francois Flamand, and in Italy II Flamingo), b. at Brussels, Belgium, 159 J; d. at leghorn, Italy, 12 July, 1046. Duquesnoy was the son of an excellent Dutch sculp-

tor from whom he received his first lessons. At an early age he carved the figure of justice on the portal of the chancellerie at Brussels, and two angels for the entrance of the Jesuit church of that city. In 1619, at the age of twenty-five, he was sent by the Archduke Albert to study in Rome, and there he resided many years, executing various works of importance. To him we owe the handsome baldachinum over the high altar in St. Peter's, the colos.sal statue of St. Andrew with his cross, also in St. Peter's, and the Santa Su- sanna in the church of S. Maria di Loreto. In the cathedral of Ghent is his rococo tomb for Bishop Triest, a good work in its own style. Duquesnoy was a contemporary of Bernini and a friend of Le Pous- sain, who recommended him to Cardinal Richelieu. The sculptor was about to start for Paris when death overtook him at Leghorn. It is reported that he was poisoned by his own brother, Jerome, who was also a clever sculptor (b. 1612; burned for unnatural crime, 24 Oct., 1654). Francois is famous for his beautiful sporting children in marble and bronze, his ivory carvings for drinking-cups, etc. The figure known to the populace of Brussels as the "Mannecken" is com- monly attributed to him.

LuBKE, History of Sculpture (tr. Lonjon, 1872); Clement, Sculpture (New York, 1885).

M. L. Handley.

Duran, Narcisco, b. 16 Dec, 1776, at Castellon de Ampurias, Catalonia, Spain; d. 1 June, 1846. He en- tered the Franciscan Order at Gerona, 3 M.ay, 1792, volunteered for the Indian Missions, was incorporated into the Franciscan Missionary College of San Fer- nando in the City of Mexico, and in 1806 came to Cali- fornia. He was assigned to Mission San Jos6 and toiled there among the Indians until April, 1833, when he retired to Mission Santa Barbara. As early as 1817 Father Sarria, the comisario prcfedo, recommended Duran for higher offices. Father Payeras, the co- 7nisnrio prefecto in 1820, likewise held him worthy and capable of any office. Towards the end of 1824 the College of San Fernando elected him presiilente of the missions, which post he held with the exception of one term (1828-1831) until 18.38. From 1844 till his death in 1846 he again held this office, and from 1837 to 1843 he was also co/niso no prefecto of the Fernandi- nos, i. e. Franciscans subject to the college in Mexico, who were in charge of the missions in Southern Cali- fornia. During the troublous times of the seculariza- tion and sale of the missions it was Father Duran who fought the pillagers step by step, though in vain, and fearlessly unmasked the real aims of the despoilers. His numerous letters to the Government on the sub- ject are masterpieces of close reasoning, pimgent sar- casm, and unanswerable argtmient. Governor Fi- gueroa recommended the exile of Father Duran, but the Mexican Government allowed him to remain un- molested at Mission Santa Barliara until his death. Six weeks pre^^ous to this the dying Bishop of Califor- nia had appointed Father Duran vicar-general, and for a month he held the office of administrator of the dio- cese. His body was placed in the vault beneath the sanctuarj' of the mission church. He was almost the last survivor of the Fernandinos, and for virtue, learn- ing, and missionarj' zeal ranks with the most brilliant of his predecessors.

Records of Mission San Jos^; Archives of the .\rchbishop of San Francisco; Archives of Mission Santa Barbara: Bancroft, History of California (San Francisco, 1886). III-V; Enoel- HARDT, The Franciscans in California (Harbor Springs. 1897); Clinch, Calif omia and its Missions (San Francisco, 1904).

Zephyrin Engelhardt.

Durand de Maillane, Pierre Toussaint. See Gallicanism.

Durand tJrsin, a Benedictine of the Maurist Con- gregation, b. 20 M.ay, 1682, at Tours; d. 31 Aug., 1771, at Paris. He took vows in the monastery of