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exiled to Chatellerault, on the occasion of the "Cas de conscience". Dupin retracted and returned, but his chair in the College of France was irretrievably lost. Later Dubois, who aspired to the cardinalate and sought therefore the favour of Rome, made sunilar ac- cusations against Dupin. Dupin was on friendly terms with A\'ake. the .\nglican Archbishop of Canter- burj', who hoped for a union of the two Churches. The correspondence was looked on with suspicion, and in 171S the regent had Dupin's papers seized. This act led to calumnies against the writer, who really had had no other aim than tlie reconciliation of the separated Anglicans. A similar purpose animated the "me- moires" he presented to Peter the Great during the lat- ter's residence in France. Dupin died shortly after.

Besides the "Xouvelle bibliotheque ecclesiastique" (58 vols. 8vo with tables), the "Remarques" by Pe- tit-Didier, and the " Critique " by R. Simon reprinted in Holland (19 vols. 4to), Dupin edited the works of Gerson (Paris, 1703), Optatus of Mileve (Paris, 1700), the Psalms with annotations (1691), and published "Xotes sur le Pentateuque" (1701), an abridgment of "L'histoire de I'Eglise" (1712), " L'histoire profane " (171-1-1716), "L'histoire d'.\pollonius de Tyane" (1705, under the name of M. de Clairac), a "Traite de la puissance ecclesiastique et temporelle", a commen- tary on theFour.\rticlesof theclergj' of France(1707), the "Bibliotheque universelle des historiens" (^1716), numerous works and articles on theology, reprints of former works, etc. Dupin was no pedant. Etienne Jordan, a contemporary who saw him, said: "In the morning he would grow pale over books and in the afternoon over cards in the pleasant company of ladies. His library and adjoining apartment were marvellously well kept. "

NlCERON, Slemoires pour sennr a Vhistoire des hovimes Ulus- tres (Paris, 1727-1745), II. 31; Bossuet. CEuvres (Versailles, 1817), XXX, 475; Reusch, Der Index der verhotenen Biicher (Bonn, 1885), 11, 586; Margival, R. Simon in Revue d'histoire et de litterature relifjieuses (Paris, 1899), IV, 435; S.\inte-Beuve, Port-Rotial. VI, 129, 174, 365; JIosheim and Macl.une, His- toire ecclesiastique ancienne etmodeme (1776), VI, 135; also Et, JoRD.\N, Recueil de litterature, de philosophic et dhistoire (Amsterdam, 1730), 66.

P.4UL Lej.^y.

Dupin, PiERRE-CH.\RLES-FR.\Nfois, known as B.ujON Ch.vrles Drpix, a French mathematician and economist, b. at Varzy, Nievre, 6 October, 1784; d. at Paris, 18 Januarj-, 1873. At the age of twenty- three he entered the Ecole polytechnique, and after three years of successful studies under the famous Monge, he received the degree of naval engineer. He then served in that capacity in the na\'y and showed so much ability that he was later appointed inspector- general of the na\-y. In 1813 he published a pamph- let, "Developpement de geometric pour faire suite a la geometric pratique de Monge" (Paris, 1813), con- taining many new and brilliant theories, the most important of which were one relating to the indicatri.x of curved surfaces and another on orthogonal sur- faces. He was elected to the .\cademy of Sciences in 1818. The next year Dupin received a professor- ship at the Conservatoire des arts et metiers; during this period he wrote various pamphlets on scientific topics, such as: "Applications de geometric et de m^canique ;\ la marine" (Paris, 1822); "Diverses lemons sur I'industrie, le commerce, la marine" (Paris, 1825), and also numerous memoirs for the -Vcademj' of Sciences, which were highly spoken of. Notwith- standing his brilliant prospects as a mathematician, he soon preferred to devote himself to political economy. His " Voyages en Grande Bretagne de 1816 a, 1819" (0 vols., Paris, 1820-1824), which were the result of a personal inquirj' into the commerce and industrj' of England, placed him in the foremost rank of statisticians. In his "Carte de la France (?clairee" (Paris, 1824'), he was the first to u.se different colours to show the development of education in various parts

of France. Charles X gave him the title of baron in 1824. Dupin gradually turned to politics and for forty years was a member of legislative assemblies. Under the Restoration, in spite of the honour be- stowed upon him by the Bourbons, he sided with the Liberals and took his seat at the Left of the Chamber; under the Monarchy of July, he sat with the Centre, and finally with the Right, under the Republic of 1848. He rallied to the Second Empire and was ap- pointed senator by Napoleon III. In his poUtical career he showed himself a man of ability, of great industry and activity, and never failed to assert his Catliolic convictions, .\lthough a less brilliant man than his brother the Elder Dupin, he may have a more lasting reputation on account of his discoveries in geometry.

Anontmous, Notice historique sur le baron Charles Dupin (Paris, 1857); Les Mondes (Paris, 1873), XXX, 135; Revue aes questions hisloriques (1881), IX, 517-590.

LoDis N. Delasiarre.

Du Plessis d'Argentr^. See Argentre.

Duplex (Double). See C.u>end.a.r.

Duplication of Mass. See Bination.

Duponceau, Peter Stephen, jurist and linguist, b. at St-Martm de Re, France, 3 June, 1760; d. at Philadelphia, U. S. A., 1 April, 1844. Educated in a Benedictine college, he exhibited a marked taste for languages, and in 1777 accompanied Baron Steuben to America, serving as his secretary in the Revolutionary army, with rank of captain, until com- pelled by ill-health to resign in 1781. He settled in Philadelphia, studied law, and was admitted to the Bar. Throughout a long life he was identified with public affairs and was also author or translator of a number of legal or historical treatises, but his fame rests chiefly upon his studies of the native American languages at a period when ethnology was as yet hardly recognized as a science. Most of his linguistic papers appeared in volumes of the American Philo- sophical Society (Philadelphia), of which he was a member from 1791 and president from 1827 until his death. His memoir on the grammatical system of the Indian languages (Memoire sur le systeme grammatical des langues de quelques nations Indien- nes de I'.^merique du Nord) won the Volney prize of the French Institute in 1835.

DuNGLisox. Public Discourse in Commemoration of Peter S. Duponceau (Philadelphia, 1844); Pillin'g, Bibliography of Algonquian Languages (Washington, 1891).

James Mooney.

Duprat, Antoine, Chancellor of France and Cardi- nal, b. at Issoire in Auvergne, 17 January, 1463; d. at the Chateau de Nantouillet near Meaux, 9 July, 1535. Educated for the law he won a high position in his profession and in 1507 became first president of the Parliament of Paris (the highest court of France). In 1515 Francis I made him chancellor and prime minister. In 1517, after his wife's death, he took Sacred orders and gradually rose in the hierarchy: first as bishop of several dioceses held by him in plu- rality; then as Archbishop of Sens, 1525; cardinal, 1527, and legate a latere, 15.30. Duprat's influence extended much beyond the departments of justice and finance placed under his direct control. Hano- taux, in the introduction to his "Recueil des instruc- tions", calls Duprat "one of the most notable men of ancient France, second only to Richelieu in the de- cisive influence he exercised on the destinies of his country". This influence was constantly exerted to strengthen royal absolutism; it was felt in the stern measures he took against the gray^dx Seiqnenrx, and in his elaborate fiscal system. Duorat's influence was also manifested, together with his perfect orthodoxy, in those measures which aff'ected the relations of France with the Church, namely, the signing of the Concordat of 1516, and the checking of nascent Prot-