Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 5.djvu/228

 188

DULUTH

Duke, EoMrxD, Ven. See Hill, Richard. Dukhobortsy. See Russia. Dulcin (DoLcixo). See Apostolici.

Du Lhut (Duluth), Daniel Greysolon, Sieur, b. at Saint-Gprmciin-en-Laye about 1640; d. at Montreal, 26 Feb., 1710. He first served in the French army, becoming a heutenant in 1657 and a gendarme of the King's Guard in 1664. He also took part in the campaign in Flanders and was present at the battle of Senef in 1674. During that year he went to Canada, whither he had been preceded by several members of his family, amongst them his cousins, the Tontys. At first he settled in Montreal, but in 167S left for the West accompanied by his brother, La Tourette, and six soldiers. In 1679 he took possession of the Sioux countrj' in the name of the King of France. He also explored Lake Superior and the high inland plateau where the Mississippi, the Red River, and the St. Lawrence rise, erected the fortified post of Kaministi- quia (now Fort William) and afterwards built Fort La Tourette on Lake Xepigon. Du Lhut was the first Canadian to explore the West and it was his privilege to save Father Hennepin from captivity when this fa- mous Recollect missionarj-, having become separated from La Salle's expedition, was wandering about in the wilderness near Saint- Antoine. On account of his intrepidity, Du Lhut had great influence over the sav- ages, who admired and feared him: he kept them loyal to France and obliged them to join the expedi- tions which La Barre and Denon\-ille organized against the Iroquois in 16S4 and 16S7. In 16S6 he laid the foundation of the post of Detroit and in 1696, having been made captain after twenty years of ser-\-ice, was in command of Fort Frontenac. Here, in 1707, he was succeeded by Tonty, his cousin. He died three years later and was buried in the church of the Recol- lects at Montreal.

Du Lhut was one of the most dauntless pioneer rang- ers (coureurs dc bois) in Canada during the French re- gime. For thirty years he succeeded in keeping the country to the west of the Great Lakes under French control. Notwithstanding that he had everj- chance of becoming wealthy, he died poor and Governor Vaudreuil testified to his having been a very upright man. The city of Duluth, Minnesota, takes its name from him. Du Lhut wrote accounts of his journeys (1676-1678). but unfortunately they have been lost; however, we have a plan that he designed for a chain of posts to be erected for the purpose of keeping the lake-route clear of savages and thus facilitating com- munication between Canada and the western and southern parts of the continent (1683-95). This plan was published by Margrj- (Decouvertes et Etablisse- ments, V, 3-72). In the Librarj' of Congress at Wash- ington may also be found extracts from his account of Detroit.

ScLTE in La lievue Canadienne (1S93), 480-489, 541-550; McLenn.^s in Harper's Magazine (September. 1893); Trans- actions Royal Sac. Canada (1903), new scries. IX, 39.

J. Edmond Roy.

Dulia (Gr. iovKda.; Lat. serritus), a theological term signifying the honour paid to the saints, while latria means worship given to God alone, and ht/per- dulia the veneration offered to the Blessed Virgin Mary. St. Augustine (De Civ. Dei, X, ii, 1) distm- guishes two kinds of servitus: " one which is due to men . . . which in Greek is called dulia; the other, latria, which is the service pertaining to the worship of God". St. Thomas (II-II, Q. ciii, a. 3) bases the dis- tinction on the difference between God's supreme dominion and that which one man may exercise over another. Catholic theologians insist that the differ- ence is one of kind and not merely of degree; dulia and latria being as far apart as are the creature and the Creator. Leibniz, though a Protestant, recog-

nizes the " discrimen infinitum aique immensxtm be- tween the honour which is due to God and that which is shown to the saints, the one being called by theolo- gians, after Augustine's example, latria, the other dulia"; and he further declares that this difference should " not only be inculcated in the minds of hearers and learners, but should also be manifested as far as possible by outward signs" (Syst. theol., p. 184). A further distinction is made between dulia in the abso- lute sense, the honour paid to persons, and duha in the relative sense, the honour paid to inanimate objects, such as images and relics. With regard to the saints, dulia includes veneration and invoca- tion; the former being the honour paid directly to them, the latter having primarily in view the peti- tioner's advantage. More detailed explanation of dulia and the reasons for which it is shown to persons or things will be found in the articles Im.\ges, Relics, S.viNTS. See also Ador.^tion and Worship.

E. A. Pace.

Duluth, Diocese OF (Duluthensis), established 3 Oct., 1SS9, suffragan of the -Archdiocese of St. Paul, V. S. A., comprises the counties of Aitkin, Becker, Beltrami, Carlton, Cass, Clay, Clearwater, Cook. Crow Wing, Hubbard, Itasca, Kttson, Lake, Marshall, Norman, Pine, Polk, Roseau, Red Lake, Mahnomen, Koochiching, and St. Louis, in the State of Min- nesota, an area of 39,439 square miles. The first white men and the first Catholics to visit this region were the French fur-traders who, under Groseilliers, are recorded as having shipped furs from there in 1660. Daniel Greysolon Du Lhut, the French officer, adven- turer, and fur-trader after whom the see city is named, was there in 1679. After a varying existence as trad- ing post and frontier settlement, Duluth was incor- porated as a town in May. 1857. The first priest in Minnesota was the famous Father Hennepin, who in 16S0 was a prisoner among the Sioux. He explored the ilississippi and at St. Paul named the falls in honour of St. Anthony, writing a glowing description of them in 1683. Wandering missionaries made in- frequent visits to the Indian tribes and scattered Catholics of the region down to 1839, when the Rev. Joseph Cretin (q. v.), a zealous French priest, began an active and succes.sful missionarj- career.

The Seventh Provincial Council of Baltimore (1849) recommended to Rome the erection of a new see at St. Paul for the Territorj' of Minnesota and the appoint- ment of Father Cretin as its first bishop, which plan was carried out. Father Cretin had been in the terri- tory for some time, trying to revive the old Indian missions and evangelize the Canadian royageitrs who went there for the fur trade. The numerous Indians roaming in the wilderness had nearly forgotten the doctrines of Christianity preached to their ancestors by the Recollects and Jesuits more than a century be- fore, but they were still anxious to have the " black- robes" come among them once more. In 1875 the Vicariate ApostoUc of Northern Minnesota was estab- lished, and these two divisions of the whole State con- tinued until 4 May, 1888, when St. Paul was raised to the rank of an archdiocese with the four suffragan sees of Duluth, Winona, Jamestown (now Fargo), and St. Cloud, the last-named being the new title for the Vicariate of Northern Minnesota. Duluth, the see city, was within these old limits of the vicariate. In 186(3 the few Catholics there were brought together by a visiting missionary. They numbered only about two dozen families in 1870, and Father John Chebul, an Austrian by birth, attended them as a mission from Superior and built the first frame chapel for their use. Other priests of the formative period were Fathers G. Keller, a German, J. B. M. G(^nin, a French Obla'ue, Joseph Bull, Charles ^'er«•yst, Joseph Staub, Christo- pher Murphy, and G. J. Goebel.

The Rev. James McGolrick, a member of the